Release of Ca ²⁺ from the endoplasmic reticulum and its subsequent influx into mitochondria trigger celastrol-induced paraptosis in cancer cells

Abstract

Celastrol, a triterpene extracted from the Chinese “Thunder of God Vine”, is known to have anticancer activity, but its underlying mechanism is not completely understood. In this study, we show that celastrol kills several breast and colon cancer cell lines by induction of paraptosis, a cell death mode characterized by extensive vacuolization that arises via dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. Celastrol treatment markedly increased mitochondrial Ca ²⁺ levels and induced ER stress via proteasome inhibition in these cells. Both MCU (mitochondrial Ca ²⁺ uniporter) knockdown and pretreatment with ruthenium red, an inhibitor of MCU, inhibited celastrol-induced mitochondrial Ca ²⁺ uptake, dilation of mitochondria/ER, accumulation of poly-ubiquitinated proteins, and cell death in MDA-MB 435S cells. Inhibition of the IP ₃ receptor (IP ₃R) with 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB) also effectively blocked celastrol-induced mitochondrial Ca ²⁺ accumulation and subsequent paraptotic events. Collectively, our results show that the IP ₃R-mediated release of Ca ²⁺ from the ER and its subsequent MCU-mediated influx into mitochondria critically contribute to celastrol-induced paraptosis in cancer cells.