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      Consecuencias de la domesticación de Stenocereus stellatus en el tamaño de las semillas y en la germinación en un gradiente de estrés hídrico Translated title: Consequences of domestication of Stenocereus stellatus in seed size and germination in a water stress gradient

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          Abstract

          Stenocereus stellatus es una cactácea columnar de importancia ecológica y cultural en el Valle de Tehuacán; sus frutos se colectan en poblaciones silvestres, pero también existe manejo silvícola y cultivo de plantas de esta especie en sistemas agroforestales. Investigaciones previas documentaron divergencias morfofisiológicas y genéticas entre poblaciones silvestres y manejadas, ocasionadas por selección artificial y limitaciones al flujo génico entre poblaciones. En esto último podrían influir diferencias en patrones de germinación y establecimiento de semillas en plántulas silvestres y cultivadas en bosques y ambientes manejados. Se probó la hipótesis de que la selección artificial por frutos grandes favorece un mayor tamaño de las semillas en plantas cultivadas, las cuales presentarían mayor tasa de germinación en condiciones de alta humedad, pero serían más susceptibles a estrés hídrico que las semillas de plantas silvestres. Se evaluó el peso de frutos y semillas y su tasa de germinación en un gradiente de humedad (0.0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8 y -1.0 Megapascales) en poblaciones silvestres y cultivadas. Los frutos cultivados y sus semillas fueron significativamente más pesados (54.616 ± 1.547 g, 0.190 ± 0.017 g, respectivamente) que los frutos y semillas silvestres (37.023 ± 1.122 g, 0.15 3± 0.005 g, respectivamente). Los análisis de devianza mostraron diferencias significativas en el inicio (X² = 1,639.0, gl = 4; X² = 236.31, gl = 1, respectivamente) y la velocidad de germinación (X² = 20.91, gl = 4), asociadas al tipo de manejo y al potencial hídrico (las semillas cultivadas fueron más susceptibles al estrés que las silvestres). La selección artificial que favorece frutos grandes parece haber influido indirectamente en el incremento de tamaño de las semillas, y las condiciones ambientales de los sitios manejados podrían haber influido en una mayor susceptibilidad a estrés hídrico.

          Translated abstract

          Stenocereus stellatus is a columnar cactus species of cultural and ecological importance in the Tehuacán Valley; their fruits are collected from wild populations but plants of this species are also silviculturally managed and cultivated in agroforestry systems. Previous studies documented morpho-physiological and genetic divergences between wild and managed populations caused by artificial selection and limitations to gene flow; nevertheless, the documented divergences could also be influenced by differences in germination and survivorship patterns of wild and cultivated seedlings in forests and managed environments. We hypothesized that artificial selection in favor of larger fruits may in turn favor larger seeds in cultivated plants that also could have higher germination rates in high humidity conditions, but more susceptible to water stress than seeds from wild plants. We evaluated fruit and seed weight and germination rates in a water stress gradient (0.0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8, and -1.0 Megapascals) in wild and cultivated populations. Cultivated fruits and seeds were significantly heavier (54.616 ± 1.547 g, 0.190 ± 0.017 g, respectively) than wild fruits and seeds (37.023 ± 1.122 g, 0.153 ± 0.005 g, respectively). Deviance analysis showed significant differences in starting germination (X² = 1639.0, df = 4; X² = 236.31, df = 1, respectively) and velocity (X² = 20.91, df = 4) associated to management and water potential (cultivated seeds were more susceptible to water stress than wild ones). Artificial selection favoring larger fruits has apparently influenced indirectly seed size and differences; in wild and managed environments could have influenced differences of seed susceptibility to water stress.

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          Modificaciones al Sistema de Clasificación Climática de Kóppen (para adaptarlos a condiciones de la República mexicana)

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            In situ Management and Domestication of Plants in Mesoamerica

            Background and Aims Ethnobotanical studies in Mexico have documented that Mesoamerican peoples practise systems of in situ management of wild and weedy vegetation directed to control availability of useful plants. In situ management includes let standing, encouraging growing and protection of individual plants of useful species during clearance of vegetation, which in some cases may involve artificial selection. The aim of this study was to review, complement and re-analyse information from three case studies which examined patterns of morphological, physiological and genetic effects of artificial selection in plant populations under in situ management in the region. Methods Information on wild and in situ managed populations of the herbaceous weedy plants Anoda cristata and Crotalaria pumila, the tree Leucaena esculenta subsp. esculenta and the columnar cacti Escontria chiotilla, Polaskia chichipe and Stenocereus stellatus from Central Mexico was re-analysed. Analyses compared morphology and frequency of morphological variants, germination patterns, and population genetics parameters between wild and managed in situ populations of the species studied. Species of columnar cacti are under different management intensities and their populations, including cultivated stands of P. chichipe and S. stellatus, were also compared between species. Key Results Significant differences in morphology, germination patterns and genetic variation documented between wild, in situ managed and cultivated populations of the species studied are associated with higher frequencies of phenotypes favoured by humans in managed populations. Genetic diversity in managed populations of E. chiotilla and P. chichipe is slightly lower than in wild populations but in managed populations of S. stellatus variation was higher than in the wild. However, genetic distance between populations was generally small and influenced more by geographic distance than by management. Conclusions Artificial selection operating on in situ managed populations of the species analysed is causing incipient domestication. This process could be acting on any of the 600–700 plant species documented to be under in situ management in Mesoamerica. In situ domestication of plants could be relevant to understand early processes of domestication and current conditions of in situ conservation of plant genetic resources.
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              Evolution under domestication: ongoing artificial selection and divergence of wild and managed Stenocereus pruinosus (Cactaceae) populations in the Tehuacan Valley, Mexico.

              The Tehuacán Valley in Mexico is a principal area of plant domestication in Mesoamerica. There, artificial selection is currently practised on nearly 120 native plant species with coexisting wild, silvicultural and cultivated populations, providing an excellent setting for studying ongoing mechanisms of evolution under domestication. One of these species is the columnar cactus Stenocereus pruinosus, in which we studied how artificial selection is operating through traditional management and whether it has determined morphological and genetic divergence between wild and managed populations. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 83 households of three villages to investigate motives and mechanisms of artificial selection. Management effects were studied by comparing variation patterns of 14 morphological characters and population genetics (four microsatellite loci) of 264 plants from nine wild, silvicultural and cultivated populations. Variation in fruit characters was recognized by most people, and was the principal target of artificial selection directed to favour larger and sweeter fruits with thinner or thicker peel, fewer spines and pulp colours other than red. Artificial selection operates in agroforestry systems favouring abundance (through not felling plants and planting branches) of the preferred phenotypes, and acts more intensely in household gardens. Significant morphological divergence between wild and managed populations was observed in fruit characters and plant vigour. On average, genetic diversity in silvicultural populations (H(E) = 0.743) was higher than in wild (H(E) = 0.726) and cultivated (H(E) = 0.700) populations. Most of the genetic variation (90.58 %) occurred within populations. High gene flow (Nm(FST) > 2) was identified among almost all populations studied, but was slightly limited by mountains among wild populations, and by artificial selection among wild and managed populations. Traditional management of S. pruinosus involves artificial selection, which, despite the high levels of gene flow, has promoted morphological divergence and moderate genetic structure between wild and managed populations, while conserving genetic diversity.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bs
                Botanical Sciences
                Bot. sci
                Sociedad Botánica de México A.C. (México, Ciudad de México, Mexico )
                2007-4298
                2007-4476
                2013
                : 91
                : 4
                : 485-492
                Affiliations
                [01] Morelia Michoacán orgnameCentro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas México susana.guillen@ 123456st.ib.unam.mx
                Article
                S2007-42982013000400007 S2007-4298(13)09100400007
                6cfd1b7c-36d4-487f-8a39-04ce92ac4895

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 09 March 2013
                : 22 November 2012
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 37, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Ecología

                manejo tradicional,estrés hídrico,domesticación,cactáceas columnares,columnar cacti,traditional management,seed size,domestication,tamaño de semillas,water stress

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