76
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
1 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      The prevalence of exposure to potentially morally injurious events among physicians during the COVID-19 pandemic Translated title: Prevalencia de la exposición a eventos potencialmente causantes de daño moral entre médicos durante la pandemia por la COVID-19 Translated title: 在Covid-19疫情期间医生遭遇潜在道德伤害事件的流行率

      research-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          ABSTRACT

          Background: Given the profound psychological distress caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, healthcare workers are at high risk of being exposed to potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs).

          Objective: We aimed to explore the prevalence and associated factors with PMIEs in a sample of Romanian physicians, of which almost half worked in Covid-19 treatment medical units.

          Method: We ran a web-based survey in April 2020, three weeks after the general lockdown to contain the novel coronavirus. Participants ( N = 114, aged 23 to 67, M = 38.85, SD = 9.82, 74.6% females) answered the PMIE scale items, in addition to questions related to the physical and emotional self-impact related questions, and demographical and work-related variables (i.e. age, gender, medical experience, and speciality).

          Results: Results suggested that almost 50% of the participants reported high levels of PMIE exposure. No significant associations were found between PMIE exposure, and the type of medical unit physicians worked in (Covid-19 or non-Covid-19), nor their specialization and medical experience. Demographic variables (i.e. age and gender) and experience did not predict PMIE exposure. However, we found significant associations between PMIE and the physicians’ physical and emotional self-reported impact.

          Conclusions: Healthcare systems, governments, and societies worldwide need to recognize that physicians are prone to PMIE exposure and related adverse psychological outcomes due to their daily activity in containing the pandemic. Public policies need to actively offer and promote psychological support, to protect and help physicians from the adverse mental health outcomes following the pandemic.

          HIGHLIGHTS

          • We explored the prevalence and associated factors of PMIE in a sample of Romanian physicians, in April 2020.

          • Results suggested that 50% of the physicians reported high levels of PMIE exposure.

          • We found significant associations between PMIE and the physicians’ physical and emotional self-reported impact.

          Translated abstract

          Antecedentes: Dado el profundo malestar psíquico causado por la pandemia de la COVID-19, el personal de salud tiene un alto riesgo de estar expuesto a eventos potencialmente causantes de daño moral (EPDMs).

          Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo fue explorar la prevalencia y los factores asociados a EPDMs en una muestra de médicos rumanos, de los cuales casi la mitad trabajaba en unidades médicas de tratamiento de la COVID-19.

          Métodos: Realizamos un cuestionario en línea en abril del 2020, tres semanas después del confinamiento general para contener al nuevo coronavirus. Los participantes ( N =114, de 23 a 67 años, M =38.85, SD =9.82, 74.6% mujeres) respondieron a los elementos del cuestionario para EPDMs, además de preguntas relacionadas con la autoevaluación del impacto físico y emocional, así como variables demográficas y relacionadas con el trabajo (por ejemplo, la edad, el género, la experiencia médica y la especialidad).

          Resultados: Los resultados sugirieron que casi el 50% de los participantes reportaron niveles altos de exposición a EPDMs. No se encontraron asociaciones significativas entre la exposición a los EPDMs y el tipo de unidad médica en la que trabajaban los médicos (COVID-19 o no COVID-19), ni con la especialidad o la experiencia médica. Las variables demográficas (como la edad y el género) y la experiencia no predijeron la exposición a EPDMs. Sin embargo, encontramos asociaciones significativas entre los EPDMs y la autoevaluación del impacto físico y emocional de los médicos.

          Conclusiones: Los sistemas de salud, los gobiernos y las sociedades en todo el mundo deben reconocer que los médicos, debido a su actividad diaria para contener la pandemia, son propensos a estar expuestos a EPDMs y a las consecuencias psicológicas adversas con las que estos se relacionan. Las políticas públicas necesitan ofrecer y promover activamente soporte psicológico a los médicos para protegerlos de y ayudarlos con las consecuencias adversas para la salud mental que devienen de la pandemia.

          背景: 鉴于Covid-19疫情引起的严重心理困扰, 医护人员有很大风险遭遇潜在道德伤害事件 (PMIE) 。

          目的: 我们旨在考查一个罗马尼亚医生样本中PMIE的流行率及其相关因素, 这些医生中近一半在Covid-19治疗医疗单位工作过。

          方法: 在为遏制新型冠状病毒实施的三周全面封锁后, 我们于2020年4月进行了网络在线调查。参与者 ( N = 114, 年龄在23至67岁之间, M= 38.85, SD = 9.82, 女性占74.6%) 回答了PMIE量表条目, 还有身体和情感相关自我影响, 以及人口统计学和工作相关变量 (即年龄, 性别, 医疗经验和专业) 的问题。

          结果: 结果表明, 几乎50%的参与者报告了高水平的PMIE暴露。没有发现PMIE暴露与医生所在医疗工作单位的类型 (Covid-19或非Covid-19), 及其专业知识和医疗经验之间存在显著关联。人口统计学变量 (即年龄和性别) 和经验无法预测PMIE暴露。但是, 我们发现PMIE与医生自我报告的身体和情绪相关影响之间存在显著关联。

          结论: 全世界的医护系统, 政府和社会都需要认识到, 医生由于日常参与遏制疫情的活动, 很容易发生PMIE暴露和相关不良心理后果。公共政策需要积极提供和促进心理支持, 以保护和帮助医生预防疫情后的不良心理健康结果。

          Related collections

          Most cited references20

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: found

          Understanding and Addressing Sources of Anxiety Among Health Care Professionals During the COVID-19 Pandemic

            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: found

            A Framework for Rationing Ventilators and Critical Care Beds During the COVID-19 Pandemic

              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              COVID-19 and experiences of moral injury in front-line key workers

              The COVID-19 virus outbreak was declared a pandemic by the WHO on 12 March 2020. Whilst the infection mortality rate is not fully understood, it appears to be considerably higher than that of other recent pandemics (e.g. H1N1 pandemic, mortality rate 0.02%) [1]. Furthermore, several groups of people, such as the elderly and those with some pre-existing medical conditions, appear to be particularly vulnerable to the disease [1,2]. International evidence, and the public health messaging put forward by Public Health England, suggests that COVID-19 may place a substantial demand on an overstretched National Health Service (NHS). A lack of specific resources—such as a lack of beds in Intensive Care Units, essential medicines and ventilators—and increased demand on the NHS may mean that front-line workers, such as clinicians, paramedics and other care staff, may be unable to provide adequate treatment to all patients, as seen in Italy [3]. Additionally, current guidance recommends that anyone who is showing signs of a potential COVID-19 infection (e.g. new persistent cough, fever), or who lives in a house with someone who shows such signs, must self-quarantine at home [2] meaning that some clinicians will be unable to return to their ‘front-line’ responsibilities at a time when their colleagues are working exceptionally hard. As a result of these exceptional challenges, lives will inevitably be lost that could, in other circumstances, have been saved. Non-clinical professionals in other essential roles, such as the justice system, media workers, social workers, etc., may also feel the profound effects of being required to perform already highly challenging duties in a more constrained manner which may lead to risks being more difficult to manage. How such events will impact front-line, key worker teams remains unclear, but it is likely that many will experience a degree of moral distress and some moral injuries [4]. Moral injury is defined as the profound psychological distress which results from actions, or the lack of them, which violate one’s moral or ethical code [5]. Morally injurious events can include acts of perpetration, acts of omission or experiences of betrayal from leaders or trusted others. Unlike post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), moral injury is not a mental illness. Although experiences of potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) can lead to negative thoughts about oneself or others (e.g. “I am a monster” or “my colleagues don’t care about me”) as well as deep feelings of shame, guilt or disgust. These, in turn, can contribute to the development of mental health problems, including depression, PTSD and anxiety [6]. Moral injury is not limited by context or profession. For example, a recent review found that exposure to moral injury was significantly associated with PTSD, depression and suicidal ideation across a range of professions (e.g. teacher, military personnel, journalists) across a variety of countries (e.g. USA, Australia, Israel) [6]. Currently, there are no manualized approaches to treat moral injury-related mental health difficulties. In fact, some standardized treatments for PTSD (e.g. prolonged exposure) may potentially be harmful and worsen patient feelings of guilt and shame. Some emerging US evidence suggests that Adaptive Disclosure (where forgiveness is received from a benevolent moral authority) may be helpful [7]. UK clinicians also report using an amalgamation of validated treatments (e.g. compassion-focused therapy, schema therapy, etc.) to treat patients affected by moral injury [8]. Much of the research in moral injury at this stage has been carried out in military personnel and veterans. However, several potential risk factors for moral injury have been identified [9,10] that may be applicable to other professions during the COVID-19 Pandemic (Table 1): Table 1. Potential risk factors for moral injury 1. Increased risk of moral injury if there is loss of life to a vulnerable person (e.g. child, woman, elderly); 2. Increased risk of moral injury if leaders are perceived to not take responsibility for the event(s) and are unsupportive of staff; 3. Increased risk of moral injury if staff feel unaware or unprepared for emotional/psychological consequences of decisions; 4. Increased risk of moral injury if the PMIE occurs concurrently with exposure to other traumatic events (e.g. death of loved one); 5. Increased risk of moral injury if there is a lack of social support following the PMIE. Front-line key workers, such as healthcare providers and emergency first responders but also other non-healthcare-related staff (e.g. social workers, prison staff), may be especially vulnerable to experiencing moral injuries during this time. A lack of resources may mean they are unable to adequately care for those they are responsible for which may result in great suffering or a loss of life. A lack of resources, clear guidance or training may also mean staff perceive that their own health is not being properly considered by their employers and feel at increased risk of disease exposure. Similar challenges may also be experienced by other essential workers such as supermarket workers or delivery drivers, who routinely would not have considered themselves as providing critical services to the public. It is important to note, just as not all individuals who experience trauma necessarily develop PTSD, exposure to PMIEs does not automatically result in moral injury. Nonetheless, the following practical recommendations may be beneficial: Front-line staff should be made aware of the possibility of PMIE exposure in their role, and the emotions, thoughts and behaviours that might be experienced as a result. Discussing this topic in advance of exposure to a PMIE, most probably facilitated by supervisory level leaders, may help develop psychological preparedness and allow staff to understand some inevitable symptoms of distress. Front-line staff should be encouraged to seek informal support, from trained peer supporters, managers, colleagues, chaplains or other welfare provision provided by their employer, early on and take a ‘nip it in the bud’ approach—rather than dwelling on the PMIEs they have been exposed to. There is good evidence that social support is generally protective for mental health. If informal support does not help, professional help should be sought early on. Professional support is likely to be needed when difficulties relating to the PMIE become persistent and impair an individual’s daily functioning. Sources of confidential help, which should be rapidly accessible, should be well advertised within organizations. Those providing such support should be aware of the concept of moral injury and also that those suffering with such difficulties may often fail to talk about them because of intense feelings of shame and guilt. Those in leadership roles should be encouraged to proactively ‘check in’ with their teams, offer empathetic support and encourage help-seeking where necessary. It is vital that managers feel comfortable in having psychologically informed conversations with their staff, or if they do not possess such skills, they should ensure that someone else (e.g. trained peer supporter) checks in with their staff on a regular basis instead. Employers of essential staff should be aware that psychological debriefing techniques and psychological screening approaches are ineffective. Instead, it is imperative that organizations actively monitor staff exposed to PMIEs, facilitate effective team cohesion and make informal, as well as professional, sources of support readily available to their employees. Furthermore, exposure to PMIEs should be frankly discussed and efforts should be made to ensure that staff understand the potential for their work during the COVID-19 outbreak to impact on their mental health, whilst ensuring they are also aware that psychological growth can also be expected if staff ‘do their best’. Recommendations for clinicians providing psychological support during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic include: Psychological support for those in front-line roles and affected by the COVID-19 should be prioritized and made more readily accessible. Lengthy waiting lists for care are a key reason why many individuals do not seek formal psychological help post-trauma. Clinicians should also be aware that individuals who develop moral injury-related mental health disorders are often reticent to speak about guilt or shame and may instead focus on more classically traumatic elements of their presentation. As such, clinicians should make sufficient sensitive enquiries about PMIEs in anyone who presents with mental health difficulties having been an essential worker during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Clinicians offering psychological treatment to patients should continue to do so, taking precautionary measures where needed—such as offering treatment via Skype, Zoom, telephone or similar. Useful information on this subject can be found at https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/about-us/responding-to-covid-19/guidance-for-clinicians/digital-covid-19-guidance-for-clinicians. Steps should be taken by clinical care teams to ensure that vulnerable groups, such as survivors of domestic violence, and those with serious mental illnesses continue to be able to access treatment and support networks. This is likely to require local mental health services to proactively, most probably remotely, check on vulnerable individuals and remind them of effective psychological coping strategies and possibly ‘top up’ their psychological therapy provision where that would be helpful. Clinicians should encourage patients to take practical steps to manage anxiety during this time, including limiting time spent accessing media and news outlets, seeking COVID-19-related information from trusted sources (i.e. Public Health England, NHS), and encouraging the use of evidence-based coping resources (i.e. https://www.nhs.uk/oneyou/every-mind-matters/). Funding This research was funded by the Forces in Mind Trust grant (FiMT17/0920E). Competing interests None declared.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8198
                2000-8066
                16 April 2021
                2021
                : 12
                : 1
                : 1898791
                Affiliations
                [0001]Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University; , Iasi, Romania
                Author notes
                CONTACT Alexandra Maftei psihologamaftei@ 123456gmail.com Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iaşi; , 3 Toma Cozma Street, Romania
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9700-8794
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9309-3821
                Article
                1898791
                10.1080/20008198.2021.1898791
                8075083
                33968327
                6cf8f605-0ee0-4c4e-a716-b0d054caf1ed
                © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 4, References: 25, Pages: 1
                Categories
                Research Article
                Short Communication

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                healthcare,covid-19 pandemic,morally injurious events,depression,psycho-traumatology,atención de salud,pandemia por covid-19,eventos potencialmente causantes de daño moral,depresión,psicotraumatología,医护,covid-19疫情,道德伤害事件,抑郁,心理创伤学

                Comments

                Comment on this article

                scite_

                Similar content58

                Cited by18

                Most referenced authors179