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      Anticancer and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Chitin and Chitosan Oligosaccharides

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          Abstract

          Previous reports indicate that N-acetyl- d-glucosamine oligomers (chitin oligosaccharide; NACOS) and d-glucosamine oligomers (chitosan oligosaccharide; COS) have various biological activities, especially against cancer and inflammation. In this review, we have summarized the findings of previous investigations that have focused on anticancer or anti-inflammatory properties of NACOS and COS. Moreover, we have introduced recent evaluation of NACOS and COS as functional foods against cancer and inflammatory disease.

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          Most cited references59

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          Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity.

          S Akira, K Takeda, T Kaisho (2001)
          Recognition of pathogens is mediated by a set of germline-encoded receptors that are referred to as pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). These receptors recognize conserved molecular patterns (pathogen-associated molecular patterns), which are shared by large groups of microorganisms. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) function as the PRRs in mammals and play an essential role in the recognition of microbial components. The TLRs may also recognize endogenous ligands induced during the inflammatory response. Similar cytoplasmic domains allow TLRs to use the same signaling molecules used by the interleukin 1 receptors (IL-1Rs): these include MyD88, IL-1R--associated protein kinase and tumor necrosis factor receptor--activated factor 6. However, evidence is accumulating that the signaling pathways associated with each TLR are not identical and may, therefore, result in different biological responses.
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            Controlled functionalization of the polysaccharide chitin

            Keisuke Kurita (2001)
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              Emerging chitin and chitosan nanofibrous materials for biomedical applications.

              Qun Wang, Crystal Y. Q. Du, H Deng … (2014)
              Over the past several decades, we have witnessed significant progress in chitosan and chitin based nanostructured materials. The nanofibers from chitin and chitosan with appealing physical and biological features have attracted intense attention due to their excellent biological properties related to biodegradability, biocompatibility, antibacterial activity, low immunogenicity and wound healing capacity. Various methods, such as electrospinning, self-assembly, phase separation, mechanical treatment, printing, ultrasonication and chemical treatment were employed to prepare chitin and chitosan nanofibers. These nanofibrous materials have tremendous potential to be used as drug delivery systems, tissue engineering scaffolds, wound dressing materials, antimicrobial agents, and biosensors. This review article discusses the most recent progress in the preparation and application of chitin and chitosan based nanofibrous materials in biomedical fields.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Francesco Puoci: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Funct Biomater
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Funct Biomater
                Journal ID (publisher-id): jfb
                Title: Journal of Functional Biomaterials
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2079-4983
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 January 2015
                Publication date Collection: March 2015
                Volume: 6
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 33-49
                Affiliations
                Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; E-Mails: tosaki@ 123456muses.tottori-u.ac.jp (T.O.); saburominami@ 123456ncn-t.net (S.M.); yokamoto@ 123456muses.tottori-u.ac.jp (Y.O.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: kazu-azuma@ 123456muses.tottori-u.ac.jp ; Tel./Fax: +81-857-31-5433.
                Article
                Publisher ID: jfb-06-00033
                DOI: 10.3390/jfb6010033
                PMC ID: 4384099
                PubMed ID: 25594943
                SO-VID: 6cce6ef9-1283-4331-b956-188003ead43c
                Copyright © © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 04 December 2014
                Date accepted : 09 January 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: oligomers,glucosamine,n-acetyl-d-glucosamine,chitin,chitosan,cancer,anti-inflammatory,inflammatory bowel disease
                Data availability:
                Keywords: oligomers, glucosamine, n-acetyl-d-glucosamine, chitin, chitosan, cancer, anti-inflammatory, inflammatory bowel disease

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