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      Emerging ethical perspectives in the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats genome-editing debate

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      Author(s): * , 1 , 2
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Personalized Medicine
      Publisher: Future Medicine Ltd
      Keywords: bioethics, CRISPR, embryo research, gene editing, germline, stem cells

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          Abstract

          This paper provides an overview of the ethical issues in the international clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) genome editing debate from March 2015 to September 2016. We present the regulatory framework for embryo research in the UK, and explain why CRISPR is not a significant break with the past. We discuss the ethical issues arising from CRISPR applications beyond human embryos, namely the use of gene drive-engineered mosquitoes to eradicate diseases, engineering nonhuman animals to harvest organs for human transplant and engineering crops. We discuss the experiments that have demonstrated the technical feasibility of cultivating embryos in vitro for up to 14 days, and possibly beyond this limit, and the ethical issues arising from the proposal to extend the limit beyond 14 days.

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          Self-organization of the in vitro attached human embryo.

          Alessia Deglincerti, Gist F. Croft, Lauren Pietila … (2016)
          Implantation of the blastocyst is a developmental milestone in mammalian embryonic development. At this time, a coordinated program of lineage diversification, cell-fate specification, and morphogenetic movements establishes the generation of extra-embryonic tissues and the embryo proper, and determines the conditions for successful pregnancy and gastrulation. Despite its basic and clinical importance, this process remains mysterious in humans. Here we report the use of a novel in vitro system to study the post-implantation development of the human embryo. We unveil the self-organizing abilities and autonomy of in vitro attached human embryos. We find human-specific molecular signatures of early cell lineage, timing, and architecture. Embryos display key landmarks of normal development, including epiblast expansion, lineage segregation, bi-laminar disc formation, amniotic and yolk sac cavitation, and trophoblast diversification. Our findings highlight the species-specificity of these developmental events and provide a new understanding of early human embryonic development beyond the blastocyst stage. In addition, our study establishes a new model system relevant to early human pregnancy loss. Finally, our work will also assist in the rational design of differentiation protocols of human embryonic stem cells to specific cell types for disease modelling and cell replacement therapy.
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            Science in Society: Re-Evaluating the Deficit Model of Public Attitudes

            Patrick Sturgis, Nick Allum (2004)
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              Self-organisation of the human embryo in the absence of maternal tissues

              Marta N. Shahbazi, Agnieszka Jedrusik, Sanna Vuoristo … (2016)
              Remodelling of the human embryo at implantation is indispensable for successful pregnancy. Yet it has remained mysterious because of the experimental hurdles that beset the study of this developmental phase. Here, we establish an in vitro system to culture human embryos through implantation stages in the absence of maternal tissues and reveal the key events of early human morphogenesis. These include segregation of the pluripotent embryonic and extra-embryonic lineages and morphogenetic re-arrangements leading to: generation of a bi-laminar disc, formation of a pro-amniotic cavity within the embryonic lineage, appearance of the prospective yolk sac, and trophoblast differentiation. Using human embryos and human pluripotent stem cells, we show that the reorganisation of the embryonic lineage is mediated by cellular polarisation leading to cavity formation. Together, our results indicate that the critical remodelling events at this stage of human development are embryo-autonomous highlighting the remarkable and unanticipated self-organising properties of human embryos.
              Article 0 comments Cited 266 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Per Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Per Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): PME
                Title: Personalized Medicine
                Publisher: Future Medicine Ltd (London, UK )
                ISSN (Print): 1741-0541
                Publication date (Print): November 2016
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 October 2016
                Publication date PMC-release: 28 October 2016
                Volume: 13
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 575-586
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Director, Bioethics & Society Postgraduate Programme, Department of Global Health & Social Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
                [2 ]Wellcome Trust PhD Student in Society & Ethics, Department of Global Health & Social Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
                Author notes
                *Author for correspondence: silvia.camporesi@ 123456kcl.ac.uk
                Article
                DOI: 10.2217/pme-2016-0047
                PMC ID: 5480779
                PubMed ID: 28757883
                SO-VID: 6cc164aa-6d28-4fe9-87c0-06fd36f6980d
                Copyright © © Silvia Camporesi
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License

                History
                Date received : 04 June 2016
                Date accepted : 02 September 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Perspective

                Keywords: bioethics,crispr,embryo research,gene editing,germline,stem cells
                Data availability:
                Keywords: bioethics, crispr, embryo research, gene editing, germline, stem cells

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