Spatial analysis of malaria cases and Anopheles species in East Java region, Indonesia

Abstract

Malaria remains a significant public health challenge worldwide, including in Indonesia, particularly in the East Java region. This study aimed to analyse the spatial distribution of malaria cases and Anopheles species that act as vectors in the area. Using an observational design with a cross-sectional approach, data on malaria cases were collected from tiers from the Community Health Centre, District Health Office and Province, all of which were documented on the Ministry of Health's malaria information system for the period 2021–2023. Malaria Vector Distribution Data from the East Java Health Office and the research team directly. Sampling of mosquitoes and larvae was carried out by researchers using a purposive sampling method, which prioritised locations with districts that have a high risk factor for the presence of breeding Anopheles sp., namely, Treggalek District, Malang District and Pacitan District with diverse topography, such as coastal (lagoon), rice fields and hills. The results of the analysis show that the distribution of imported malaria cases in East Java is uneven, with hotspots identified in several areas that have working population mobility from outside the East Java region. The presence of Anopheles species, particularly An. sundaicus and An. maculatus, contributes to their potential as vectors of malaria transmission, with An. sundaicus being more common in coastal areas and An. maculatus in valley and paddy fields. Environmental factors, such as topography of the region, temperature, humidity, and rainfall, influence the variation of Anopheles species. This study emphasises the importance of an ecosystem-based approach to malaria control, as well as the need to improve access to health services and community education. The findings provide important insights for the development of more effective and sustainable health policies in an effort to maintain malaria elimination areas in East Java.