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      Avaliação de um escore clínico para rastreamento de suspeitos de tuberculose pulmonar Translated title: Evaluación de un escore para rastreo de sospechosos de tuberculosis pulmonar Translated title: Assessment of a clinical score for screening suspected pulmonary tuberculosis cases

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          Abstract

          OBJETIVO: Avaliar acurácia de escore clínico (sensibilidade) no diagnóstico presuntivo de tuberculose pulmonar em triagem. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo-analítico transversal com 1.365 pacientes atendidos no setor de pneumologia em Unidade Básica de Saúde de nível secundário da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, de 2006 a 2007. Os participantes responderam um questionário padronizado, aplicado por equipe de enfermagem, contendo informações referentes à idade, peso e sintomas clínicos. O resultado presuntivo do diagnóstico de tuberculose pulmonar foi obtido pela soma da pontuação dos dados coletados. Diagnóstico de tuberculose ativa baseou-se nos resultados bacteriológicos e na decisão médica. Foram calculados sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos positivos e negativos para uma prevalência especificada, e intervalos de 95% de confiança para diversos pontos de corte do escore. O desempenho do escore foi avaliado pela curva receiver operating characteristic (ROC). RESULTADOS: Para o diagnóstico de tuberculose, tosse > 1 semana e > 3 semanas mostrou sensibilidade respectivamente de 88,2% (86,2;90,2) e de 61,1% (57,93;64,3), especificidade de 19,2% (16,6;21,8) e 51,3% (48,1;54,5). O escore clínico com 8 pontos mostrou uma sensibilidade de 83,13% (77,8;87,6), especificidade de 51,8% (48,5;55,1), valor preditivo positivo de 91,6% (90,0;83,2) e negativo 32,9% (30,1;35,7). CONCLUSÕES: Tosse (> 3 sem) apresentou baixa sensibilidade e especificidade. Escore clínico com elevada sensibilidade pode ser uma ferramenta alternativa na detecção de tuberculose pulmonar, pois, além de agilizar o atendimento do caso suspeito na unidade, permite padronizar a primeira abordagem pela enfermagem.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: Evaluar la exactitud de escore clínico (sensibilidad) en el diagnostico presuntivo de tuberculosis pulmonar en pesquisa. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo-analítico transversal con 1.365 pacientes atendidos en el sector de pneumonologia en Unidad Básica de Salud de nivel secundario de la ciudad de Rio de Janeiro, Sureste de Brasil, de 2006 a 2007. Los participantes respondieron un cuestionario estandarizado, aplicado por equipo de enfermería, conteniendo informaciones referentes a la edad, peso y síntomas clínicos. El resultado presuntivo del diagnostico de tuberculosis pulmonar fue obtenido por la suma de puntuación de los datos colectados. Diagnostico de tuberculosis activa se basó en los resultados bacteriológicos y en la decisión medica. Se calcularon sensibilidad, especificidad, valores predictivos positivos negativos para una prevalencia especificada, e intervalos de 95% de confianza para diversos puntos de corte del escore. El desempeño del escore fue evaluado por la curva receiver operating characteristic (ROC). RESULTADOS: Para diagnostico de tuberculosis, tos > 1 semana y > 3 semanas mostró sensibilidad respectivamente de 88,2% (86,2;90,2) y de 61,1% (57,93;64,3), especificidad de 19,2% (16,6;21,8) y 51,3% (48,1;54,5). El escore clínico con 8 puntos mostró una sensibilidad de 83,13%(77,8;87,6), especificidad de 51,8% (48,5;55,1), valor predictivo positivo de 91,6% (90,0;83,2) negativo 32,9% (30,1;35,7). CONCLUSIONES: Tos (>3 sem) presentó baja sensibilidad y especificidad. Escore clínico con elevada sensibilidad puede ser una herramienta alternativa en la detección de tuberculosis pulmonar, pues además de agilizar la atención del caso sospechoso en la unidad, permite estandarizar el primer abordaje por la enfermera.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To assess the accuracy (sensitivity) of a clinical score for presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis cases during screening. METHODS: Descriptive cross-sectional study comprising 1,365 patients attending the department of lung diseases at a secondary care outpatient clinic in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil, during 2006 and 2007. All respondents answered a standardized questionnaire administered by the clinic's nursing staff. Information on age, weight and clinical symptoms were collected. The presumptive diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis was made by summing up the scores of the data collected. The diagnosis of active tuberculosis was based on bacteriological findings and medical criteria. There were estimated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for a set prevalence, and 95% confidence intervals for different score cutoffs. The score performance was assessed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS: For the diagnosis of tuberculosis, cough for more than one week and cough for more than three weeks showed a sensitivity of 88.2% (86.2, 90.2) and 61.1% (57.93, 64.3), specificity 19.2% (16.6, 21.8) and 51.3% (48.1, 54.5), respectively. The clinical score of 8 had a sensitivity of 83.13% (77.8, 87.6), specificity of 51.8% (48.5, 55.1), positive predictive value of 91.6% (90.0, 83.2) and negative predictive value of 32.9% (30.1, 35.7). CONCLUSIONS: Cough for more than three weeks showed low sensitivity and specificity. A highly sensitive clinical score can be an alternative tool for screening pulmonary tuberculosis as it allows early care of suspected cases and standard nursing care approach.

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          Age transition of tuberculosis incidence and mortality in Brazil

          OBJECTIVE: Before the Aids pandemic, demographic transition and control programs prompted a shift in the age of incidence of tuberculosis from adults to older people in many countries. The objective of the study is to evaluate this transition in Brazil. METHODS: Tuberculosis incidence and mortality data from the Ministry of Health and population data from the Brazilian Bureau of Statistics were used to calculate age-specific incidence and mortality rates and medians. RESULTS: Among reported cases, the proportion of older people increased from 10.5% to 12% and the median age from 38 to 41 years between the period of 1986 and 1996. The smallest decrease in the incidence rate occurred in the 30--49 and 60+ age groups. The median age of death increased from 53 to 55 years between 1980 and 1996. The general decline in mortality rates from 1986 to 1991 became less evident in the 30+ age group during the period of 1991 to 1996. A direct correlation between age and mortality rates was observed. The largest proportion of bacteriologically unconfirmed cases occurred in older individuals. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of tuberculosis has begun to shift to the older population. This shift results from the decline in the annual risk of infection as well as the demographic transition. An increase in reactivation tuberculosis in older people is expected, since this population will grow from 5% to 14% of the Brazilian population over the next 50 years. A progressive reduction in HIV-related cases in adults will most likely occur. The difficulty in diagnosing tuberculosis in old age leads to increased mortality.
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            A population-based survey of tuberculosis symptoms: how atypical are atypical presentations?

            There is scant information on tuberculosis symptoms from a population-based perspective. We prospectively identified 526 tuberculosis cases reported in Los Angeles County over a 6-month period. Of 313 persons who completed our questionnaire, 72.7% had cough, 48.2% for >2 weeks, and 52.3% had fever, 29.4% for >2 weeks. Among those with pulmonary disease, only 52.4% had cough for >2 weeks. In a multivariate model, persons with significant symptoms typical of tuberculosis disease (defined as cough or fever for >2 weeks, weight loss, or hemoptysis) were associated with lack of medical insurance, negative tuberculin skin test, diagnosis during a process other than screening, and non-Asian race. In summary, classic symptoms of prolonged cough and fever are insensitive predictors of tuberculosis. Our data suggest that Asians may need to be added to the list of persons who present with tuberculosis atypically. We believe that the Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for community-acquired pneumonia should emphasize demographic features in addition to clinical symptoms when suggesting which patients require evaluation for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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              Validity of the CAGE questionnaire for screening alcohol-dependent inpatients on hospital wards

              OBJECTIVE: To verify the validity of the CAGE questionnaire in screening inpatients with alcohol dependence. METHODS: In a transversal study, 747 medical inpatients hospitalized on general medical wards in the Federal University of Santa Catarina University Hospital were evaluated. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected and the following instruments were used: the CAGE questionnaire and the Mini International Neuropsychiatry Interview (MINI), the latter being a semi-structured interview used as the gold standard for diagnosing alcohol dependence (according to DSM-IV criteria). Validity indices (sensitivity and specificity) were assessed for the different possible CAGE cut-off points. The ROC curve was used to determine the best cut-off point. RESULTS: The sample was composed of 747 patients. Most were men (66%), white (85%) and married (61%). Mean age was 50 ± 17 years, and mean level of education was 6 ± 4 years. According to the MINI, 48 patients (6.6%) were diagnosed as having alcohol dependence. The CAGE questionnaire presented its highest sensitivity (93.8%) when the cut-off point of 0/1 (one or more "positive" responses indicating a positive test) was used. The specificity for this cut-off point was 85.5%. CONCLUSION: Using the 0/1 cut-off point, the CAGE questionnaire presented good sensitivity (93.8%) and specificity (85.5%) for use in general hospital ward patients. Since it is an easily applied, rapidly executed and inexpensive instrument, it could be useful in screening such patients for alcohol dependence.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rsp
                Revista de Saúde Pública
                Rev. Saúde Pública
                Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0034-8910
                1518-8787
                December 2011
                : 45
                : 6
                : 1110-1116
                Affiliations
                [01] Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro orgdiv1Pós-Graduação em Clinica Médica Brazil
                [02] Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro orgdiv1Instituto de Doenças do Tórax Brazil
                [03] Vitória Espírito Santo orgnameUniversidade Federal do Espírito Santo orgdiv1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva Brazil
                [04] Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Clínica Médica Brazil
                Article
                S0034-89102011000600013 S0034-8910(11)04500613
                10.1590/S0034-89102011005000071
                21953078
                6c5e156f-8e59-427e-84fd-7eefc2f85e5f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 30 May 2011
                : 23 October 2010
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 16, Pages: 7
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                SciELO Public Health

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                Categories
                Artigos Originais

                Triagem,Sensibilidade e Especificidade,Diagnóstico Clínico,Tuberculosis Pulmonar,Técnicas y Procedimientos Diagnósticos,Tuberculose Pulmonar,Técnicas e Procedimentos Diagnósticos,Sensitivity and Specificity,Triaje,Triage,Sensibilidad y Especificidad,Tuberculosis,Clinical Diagnosis,Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures

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