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      Efecto del tratamiento combinado de estatinas y evolocumab en pacientes con enfermedad arterial periférica Translated title: Effect of combined treatment of statins and evolocumab in patients with peripheral arterial disease

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          Abstract

          Resumen Antecedentes: La ateroesclerosis se caracteriza por el depósito de colesterol y endurecimiento del endotelio. El evolocumab es un anticuerpo monoclonal que inhibe la PCSK9 y estabiliza la placa ateromatosa. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto del evolocumab en conjunto con estatinas en pacientes con enfermedad arterial periférica (EAP). Métodos: Estudio observacional de cohorte prospectiva; se incluyeron 303 pacientes con EAP en claudicación con tratamiento de estatinas y evolocumab monoterapia con estatinas durante un periodo de 6 meses, de julio 2021 a julio 2022. Se obtuvieron las mediciones basal y final del estudio de los niveles séricos de LDL, el porcentaje de estenosis arterial mediante ultrasonido doppler, el índice tobillo-brazo y claudicación. Se realizaron pruebas de Kruskal-Wallis y de U de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: El tratamiento combinado redujo el porcentaje de estenosis arterial en las ramas femorales, tibiales y peroneas (p < 0.05) así como en los niveles de LDL (p < 0.0001) y los pacientes reportaron 50% menos claudicación. Conclusiones: En nuestro estudio el tratamiento de evolocumab y estatinas disminuyó la estenosis arterial y la claudicación de pacientes con EAP.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Background: Atherosclerosis is characterized by the deposition of cholesterol and hardening of the endothelium. Evolocumab is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits PCSK9 and stabilizes the atheromatous plaque. Objective: To evaluate the effect of evolocumab and statins on peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Methods: A prospective observational cohort study that included 303 patients with PAD in claudication treated with statins and evolocumab and evolocumab, compared to monotherapy with statins, during a period of six months, from July 2021 to July 2022. Baseline and final measurements of serum LDL levels, the percentage of arterial stenosis by arterial Doppler ultrasound, the ankle-brachial index and claudication were obtained. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were performed. Results: The combined treatment reduced the percentage of arterial stenosis in the femoral, tibial, and peroneal branches (p < 0.05) as well as in LDL levels (p < 0.0001) and reported 50% less claudication. Conclusions: In our study, the treatment with evolocumab and statins decreased arterial stenosis and claudication in patients with PAD.

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          Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1. Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies. A consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel

          Abstract Aims To appraise the clinical and genetic evidence that low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Methods and results We assessed whether the association between LDL and ASCVD fulfils the criteria for causality by evaluating the totality of evidence from genetic studies, prospective epidemiologic cohort studies, Mendelian randomization studies, and randomized trials of LDL-lowering therapies. In clinical studies, plasma LDL burden is usually estimated by determination of plasma LDL cholesterol level (LDL-C). Rare genetic mutations that cause reduced LDL receptor function lead to markedly higher LDL-C and a dose-dependent increase in the risk of ASCVD, whereas rare variants leading to lower LDL-C are associated with a correspondingly lower risk of ASCVD. Separate meta-analyses of over 200 prospective cohort studies, Mendelian randomization studies, and randomized trials including more than 2 million participants with over 20 million person-years of follow-up and over 150 000 cardiovascular events demonstrate a remarkably consistent dose-dependent log-linear association between the absolute magnitude of exposure of the vasculature to LDL-C and the risk of ASCVD; and this effect appears to increase with increasing duration of exposure to LDL-C. Both the naturally randomized genetic studies and the randomized intervention trials consistently demonstrate that any mechanism of lowering plasma LDL particle concentration should reduce the risk of ASCVD events proportional to the absolute reduction in LDL-C and the cumulative duration of exposure to lower LDL-C, provided that the achieved reduction in LDL-C is concordant with the reduction in LDL particle number and that there are no competing deleterious off-target effects. Conclusion Consistent evidence from numerous and multiple different types of clinical and genetic studies unequivocally establishes that LDL causes ASCVD.
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            Clinical efficacy and safety of achieving very low LDL-cholesterol concentrations with the PCSK9 inhibitor evolocumab: a prespecified secondary analysis of the FOURIER trial

            LDL cholesterol is a well established risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. How much one should or safely can lower this risk factor remains debated. We aimed to explore the relationship between progressively lower LDL-cholesterol concentrations achieved at 4 weeks and clinical efficacy and safety in the FOURIER trial of evolocumab, a monoclonal antibody to proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9).
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              Relationship between Hyperlipidemia, Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke: A Systematic Review

              Background Globally, dyslipidemia has been shown to be an independent predictor of many cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, which led to recent advocacy towards dyslipidemia prevention and control as a key risk factor and its prognostic significance to reduce the burden of stroke and myocardial infarction (MI). Aims This study aimed to evaluate hyperlipidemia as a risk factor connected with stroke and CVD. Moreover, having identified this risk factor, the study evaluates how hyperlipidemia has been examined earlier and what can be done in the future. Methods All prospective studies concerning hyperlipidemia as risk factors for stroke and CVD were identified by a search of PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE databases with keywords hyperlipidemia, risk factors, stroke, and cardiovascular disease. Results The constant positive association between the incidence of coronary heart disease and cholesterol concentration of LDL is apparent in observational studies in different populations. Thus, the reduction of LDL cholesterol in those populations, particularly with regard to initial cholesterol concentrations, can reduce the risk of vascular diseases. However, the impact of using lipid-lowering drugs, such as statins, has been demonstrated in several studies as an important factor in decreasing the mortality and morbidity rates of patients with stroke and CVD. Conclusion After reviewing all the research mentioned in this review, most studies confirmed that hyperlipidemia is a risk factor for stroke and correlated in patients with CVD.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rmang
                Revista mexicana de angiología
                Rev. mex. angiol.
                Sociedad Mexicana de Angiología, Cirugía Vascular y Endovascular A.C. (Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico )
                0377-4740
                2696-130X
                September 2023
                : 51
                : 3
                : 85-92
                Affiliations
                [2] Ciudad de México orgnameInstituto Politécnico Nacional orgdiv1Escuela Superior de Medicina orgdiv2Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación Mexico
                [1] Ciudad de México orgnameHospital Central Militar orgdiv1Departamento de Cirugía Vascular México
                Article
                S2696-130X2023000300085 S2696-130X(23)05100300085
                10.24875/rma.23000019
                6bfb3887-450b-4060-9628-01ceffc40c35

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 11 July 2023
                : 04 July 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 21, Pages: 8
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                SciELO Mexico

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                Artículos originales

                Enfermedad arterial periférica,Evolocumab,PCSK9 inhibitors,Claudication,Atherosclerosis,Peripheral artery disease,Aterosclerosis,Claudicación,Inhibidores de PCSK9

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