Calidad del agua para consumo humano en una comunidad rural: caso Corral de Piedra, Guanacaste, Costa Rica  <span class="so-article-trans-title" dir="auto"> Translated title: Water quality for human consumption in a rural community: Case of Corral de Piedra, Guanacaste, Costa Rica </span>

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Abstract

Resumen El presente trabajo se desarrolló entre los años 2015 y 2018 en la comunidad de Corral de Piedra de Nicoya, en la provincia de Guanacaste. En esta zona existen dos estaciones: seca y lluviosa; no obstante, los embates del cambio climático han propiciado cambios drásticos en los patrones de precipitación y fuertes épocas de sequía. En el estudio se evaluó la calidad del agua para consumo humano que abastece a la comunidad y se determinó que existe alto cumplimiento con lo establecido en el decreto 38924-S en cuanto a los parámetros fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos. Según los criterios de calidad del agua de pozos y nacientes de Mora-Alvarado et ál, los resultados obtenidos para las muestras colectadas en la comunidad de Corral de Piedra, en la mayoría de los sitios de muestreo, indican condiciones de calidad excelente. Además, se realizó una caracterización hidrogeoquímica del agua extraída del pozo mediante el diagrama de Piper, que la identificó como agua de tipo bicarbonatada-cálcica. La aplicación de la matriz de correlación de Kendall arrojó 25 correlaciones significativas, de las cuales pH-nitrato y conductividad-bicarbonato fueron las mayores. Por último, se realizó el análisis de componentes principales, y resultó que 5 componentes principales explican en forma significativa la varianza de los datos (85,6%).

Translated abstract

Abstract The present work was developed between 2015 and 2018 in the community of Corral de Piedra, Nicoya, Guanacaste. In this area there are two seasons: dry and rainy; however, drastic climate change has led to extreme changes in rainfall patterns and strong periods of drought. In this study, the quality of communal drinking water was assessed, determining it depicts high compliance with decree 38924-S in terms of physicochemical and microbiological parameters. According to Mora-Alvarado et al (1) wells and springs’ water quality criteria, the results obtained from analysis of most sampling sites in the community of Corral de Piedra showed excellent quality conditions. A hydrogeochemical characterization of the water extracted from the well was carried out using the Piper diagram, resulting in bicarbonated - calcium type water. The application of the Kendall correlation matrix yielded 25 significant correlations, pH - nitrate and conductivity - bicarbonate being the ones with the highest correlation. Finally, the focal components analysis was performed and it showed that 5 main components explained the data variance in a significant way (85,6%).

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Quantification of microbial risks to human health caused by waterborne viruses and bacteria in an urban slum.

A Y Katukiza, M Ronteltap, P. van der Steen … (2014)

To determine the magnitude of microbial risks from waterborne viruses and bacteria in Bwaise III in Kampala (Uganda), a typical slum in Sub-Saharan Africa. A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) was carried out to determine the magnitude of microbial risks from waterborne pathogens through various exposure pathways in Bwaise III in Kampala (Uganda). This was based on the concentration of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., rotavirus (RV) and human adenoviruses F and G (HAdV) in spring water, tap water, surface water, grey water and contaminated soil samples. The total disease burden was 680 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per 1000 persons per year. The highest disease burden contribution was caused by exposure to surface water open drainage channels (39%) followed by exposure to grey water in tertiary drains (24%), storage containers (22%), unprotected springs (8%), contaminated soil (7%) and tap water (0.02%). The highest percentage of the mean estimated infections was caused by E. coli O157:H7 (41%) followed by HAdV (32%), RV (20%) and Salmonella spp. (7%). In addition, the highest infection risk was 1 caused by HAdV in surface water at the slum outlet, while the lowest infection risk was 2.71 × 10(-6) caused by E. coli O157:H7 in tap water. The results show that the slum environment is polluted, and the disease burden from each of the exposure routes in Bwaise III slum, with the exception of tap water, was much higher than the WHO reference level of tolerable risk of 1 × 10(-6) DALYs per person per year. The findings of this study provide guidance to governments, local authorities and nongovernment organizations in making decisions on measures to reduce infection risk and the disease burden by 10(2) to 10(5) depending on the source of exposure to achieve the desired health impacts. The infection risk may be reduced by sustainable management of human excreta and grey water, coupled with risk communication during hygiene awareness campaigns at household and community level. The data also provide a basis to make strategic investments to improve sanitary conditions in urban slums. © 2013 The Society for Applied Microbiology.