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      Escherichia coli is not a suitable fecal indicator to assess water fecal contamination by otters Translated title: Escherichia coli não é um indicador adequado para avaliar a contaminação fecal da água por lontras

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          Abstract

          Abstract The detection of pathogenic microorganisms in aquatic environments is extremely relevant in terms of public health. As these laboratorial methodologies are usually difficult, expensive and time-consuming, they are frequently replaced by the assessment of fecal indicator bacteria, such as Escherichia coli. This study aimed to assess the presence of E. coli in fecal samples from Neotropical otters, to evaluate its potential as fecal indicator to be applied to the determination of water microbiological quality in areas where otters’ populations are high. Twenty-six otter fecal samples, collected in Alto Paranapanema river basin, São Paulo State, Brazil, were analyzed for the presence of E. coli, using conventional bacteriological methods. Only 8 scat samples (30%) were E. coli positive, indicating that this microorganism is not a suitable fecal indicator to assess water fecal contamination by Neotropical otters, and should not be used to infer the presence of otter related pathogens in waters.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo A detecção de microrganismos patogênicos em ambientes aquáticos é extremamente importante em termos de saúde pública. Como estas metodologias laboratoriais são geralmente difíceis de realizar, dispendiosas e demoradas, são frequentemente substituídas pela avaliação de bactérias indicadoras de contaminação fecal, tais como Escherichia coli. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a presença de E. coli em amostras fecais de lontras Neotropicais, para avaliar o seu potencial como indicador fecal e poder ser aplicado para a determinação da qualidade microbiológica da água em áreas onde as populações de lontras são numerosas. Vinte e seis amostras de fezes de lontra, coletadas na bacia do Alto Paranapanema, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, foram analisadas quanto à presença de E. coli, utilizando métodos bacteriológicos convencionais. Apenas oito amostras de fezes (30%) se revelaram positivas para E. coli, indicando que este microrganismo não é um indicador fecal adequado para avaliar a contaminação fecal da água por lontras Neotropicais, e não deve ser usada para inferir a presença de agentes patogênicos relacionados com lontra em águas.

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          Most cited references22

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          Comparative survival of indicator bacteria and enteric pathogens in well water.

          The comparative survival of various fecal indicator bacteria and enteric pathogens was studied in a stable well water supply by using membrane chambers. There was more variation in the 29 coliform cultures and they died more rapidly, as a group, than the 20 enterococcus cultures that were examined. The comparative survival of the organisms tested follows: Aeromonas sp. > the shigellae (Shigella flexneri, S. sonnei, and S. dysenteriae) > fecal streptococci > coliforms = some salmonellae (Salmonella enteritidis ser. paratyphi A and D, S. enteritidis ser. typhimurium) > Streptococcus equinus > Vibrio cholerae > Salmonella typhi > Streptococcus bovis > Salmonella enteritidis ser. paratyphi B. S. bovis had a more rapid die-off than did S. equinus, but both had significantly shorter half-lives than the other streptococci. The natural populations of indicator bacteria from human and elk fecal material declined similarly to the pure cultures tested, whereas the die-off of fecal streptococci exceeded the coliforms from bovine fecal material.
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            Microbial source tracking in a coastal California watershed reveals canines as controllable sources of fecal contamination.

            Elevated levels of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), including Escherichia coli and enterococci, trigger coastal beach advisories and signal public health risks. Solving FIB pollution in suburban coastal watersheds is challenging, as there are many potential sources. The Arroyo Burro watershed in Santa Barbara, CA is an example, with its popular, but chronically FIB-contaminated beach. To address, a microbial source tracking study was performed. Surface waters were sampled over 2 years, FIB were quantified, and DNA was analyzed for host-associated fecal markers. Surf zone FIB were only elevated when the coastal lagoon was discharging. Among the fecal sources into the lagoon, including upstream human sources and coastal birds, canines were the most important. Canine sources included input via upstream creek water, which decreased after creek-side residences were educated about proper pet waste disposal, and direct inputs to the lagoon and surf zone, where dog waste could have been tidally exchanged with the lagoon. Based on this study, canine waste can be an influential, yet controllable, fecal source to suburban coastal beaches.
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              Presence of Bacteroidales as a predictor of pathogens in surface waters of the central California coast.

              The value of Bacteroidales genetic markers and fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) to predict the occurrence of waterborne pathogens was evaluated in ambient waters along the central California coast. Bacteroidales host-specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to quantify fecal bacteria in water and provide insights into contributing host fecal sources. Over 140 surface water samples from 10 major rivers and estuaries within the Monterey Bay region were tested over 14 months with four Bacteroidales-specific assays (universal, human, dog, and cow), three FIB (total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and enterococci), two protozoal pathogens (Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp.), and four bacterial pathogens (Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., and Vibrio spp.). Indicator and pathogen distribution was widespread, and detection was not highly seasonal. Vibrio cholerae was detected most frequently, followed by Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Salmonella, and Campylobacter spp. Bayesian conditional probability analysis was used to characterize the Bacteroidales performance assays, and the ratios of concentrations determined using host-specific and universal assays were used to show that fecal contamination from human sources was more common than livestock or dog sources in coastal study sites. Correlations were seen between some, but not all, indicator-pathogen combinations. The ability to predict pathogen occurrence in relation to indicator threshold cutoff levels was evaluated using a weighted measure that showed the universal Bacteroidales genetic marker to have a comparable or higher mean predictive potential than standard FIB. This predictive ability, in addition to the Bacteroidales assays providing information on contributing host fecal sources, supports using Bacteroidales assays in water quality monitoring programs.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bjb
                Brazilian Journal of Biology
                Braz. J. Biol.
                Instituto Internacional de Ecologia (São Carlos, SP, Brazil )
                1519-6984
                1678-4375
                June 2017
                : 78
                : 1
                : 155-159
                Affiliations
                [01] Lisboa orgnameUniversidade de Lisboa orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária Portugal
                [03] Lisboa orgnameUniversidade de Lisboa orgdiv1Faculdade de Ciências Portugal
                [02] Piracicaba orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura Brazil
                Article
                S1519-69842018000100155
                10.1590/1519-6984.167279
                6a72b3df-7e4e-4955-a2bd-689fa55c9ddb

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 21 September 2016
                : 29 July 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 23, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Brazil


                lontra Neotropical,Lontra longicaudis,indicador fecal,contaminação fecal,Escherichia coli,Neotropical otter,fecal indicator,fecal contamination

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