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      Development and Psychometric Validation of the EDE-QS, a 12 Item Short Form of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q)

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          Abstract

          Objective

          The aim of this study was to develop and validate a short form of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) for routine, including session by session, outcome assessment.

          Method

          The current, 28-item version (6.0) of the EDE-Q was completed by 489 individuals aged 18–72 with various eating disorders recruited from three UK specialist eating disorder services. Rasch analysis was carried out on factors identified by means of principal component analysis, which in combination with expert ratings informed the development of an EDE-Q short form. The shortened questionnaire’s reliability, validity and sensitivity was assessed based on online data collected from students of a UK university and volunteers with a history of eating disorders recruited from a national eating disorders charity aged 18–74 ( N = 559).

          Results

          A 12-item short form, the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire Short (EDE-QS) was derived. The new measure showed high internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = .913) and temporal stability (ICC = .93; p < .001). It was highly correlated with the original EDE-Q ( r = .91 for people without ED; r = .82 for people with ED) and other measures of eating disorder and comorbid psychopathology. It was sufficiently sensitive to distinguish between people with and without eating disorders.

          Discussion

          The EDE-QS is a brief, reliable and valid measure of eating disorder symptom severity that performs similarly to the EDE-Q and that lends itself for the use of sessional outcome monitoring in treatment and research.

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          Most cited references61

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          A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.

          Robert L Spitzer, Kurt Kroenke, Janet B W Williams … (2006)
          Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common mental disorders; however, there is no brief clinical measure for assessing GAD. The objective of this study was to develop a brief self-report scale to identify probable cases of GAD and evaluate its reliability and validity. A criterion-standard study was performed in 15 primary care clinics in the United States from November 2004 through June 2005. Of a total of 2740 adult patients completing a study questionnaire, 965 patients had a telephone interview with a mental health professional within 1 week. For criterion and construct validity, GAD self-report scale diagnoses were compared with independent diagnoses made by mental health professionals; functional status measures; disability days; and health care use. A 7-item anxiety scale (GAD-7) had good reliability, as well as criterion, construct, factorial, and procedural validity. A cut point was identified that optimized sensitivity (89%) and specificity (82%). Increasing scores on the scale were strongly associated with multiple domains of functional impairment (all 6 Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form General Health Survey scales and disability days). Although GAD and depression symptoms frequently co-occurred, factor analysis confirmed them as distinct dimensions. Moreover, GAD and depression symptoms had differing but independent effects on functional impairment and disability. There was good agreement between self-report and interviewer-administered versions of the scale. The GAD-7 is a valid and efficient tool for screening for GAD and assessing its severity in clinical practice and research.
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            The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data

            J Landis, Gary G. Koch (1977)
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              The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure.

              K Kroenke, R L Spitzer, J B Williams (2001)
              While considerable attention has focused on improving the detection of depression, assessment of severity is also important in guiding treatment decisions. Therefore, we examined the validity of a brief, new measure of depression severity. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is a self-administered version of the PRIME-MD diagnostic instrument for common mental disorders. The PHQ-9 is the depression module, which scores each of the 9 DSM-IV criteria as "0" (not at all) to "3" (nearly every day). The PHQ-9 was completed by 6,000 patients in 8 primary care clinics and 7 obstetrics-gynecology clinics. Construct validity was assessed using the 20-item Short-Form General Health Survey, self-reported sick days and clinic visits, and symptom-related difficulty. Criterion validity was assessed against an independent structured mental health professional (MHP) interview in a sample of 580 patients. As PHQ-9 depression severity increased, there was a substantial decrease in functional status on all 6 SF-20 subscales. Also, symptom-related difficulty, sick days, and health care utilization increased. Using the MHP reinterview as the criterion standard, a PHQ-9 score > or =10 had a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 88% for major depression. PHQ-9 scores of 5, 10, 15, and 20 represented mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe depression, respectively. Results were similar in the primary care and obstetrics-gynecology samples. In addition to making criteria-based diagnoses of depressive disorders, the PHQ-9 is also a reliable and valid measure of depression severity. These characteristics plus its brevity make the PHQ-9 a useful clinical and research tool.
              Article 0 comments Cited 7633 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Nori Takei: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 3 May 2016
                Publication date Collection: 2016
                Volume: 11
                Issue: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0152744
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Research Department of Clinical, Educational & Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
                [2 ]Bedfordshire and Luton Eating Disorders Service, East London NHS Foundation Trust, Dunstable, United Kingdom
                [3 ]Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
                [4 ]Centre for Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Australia
                [5 ]Department of Psychological Medicine, Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
                [6 ]Eating Disorders Service, North East London NHS Foundation Trust, Essex, United Kingdom
                United (Osaka U, Kanazawa U, Hamamatsu U Sch Med, Chiba U and Fukui U) Graduate School of Child Developmen, JAPAN
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: NG LS NH JM. Performed the experiments: NG. Analyzed the data: NG RS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: RS. Wrote the paper: NG NH JM RS KT LS. Provided archival data sets: KT NH LS.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-15-31222
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152744
                PMC ID: 4854480
                PubMed ID: 27138364
                SO-VID: 6a000223-f9c1-4e60-8aaf-1ffca7cd8736
                Copyright © © 2016 Gideon et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 20 July 2015
                Date accepted : 18 March 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 3, Pages: 19
                Funding
                The authors have no support or funding to report.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Subject: Eating Disorders
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Psychometrics
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Psychometrics
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Physiological Processes
                Subject: Eating
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Physiological Processes
                Subject: Eating
                Subject: Research and Analysis Methods
                Subject: Research Design
                Subject: Survey Research
                Subject: Questionnaires
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Subject: Eating Disorders
                Subject: Anorexia Nervosa
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Subject: Eating Disorders
                Subject: Bulimia Nervosa
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Subject: Research and Analysis Methods
                Subject: Mathematical and Statistical Techniques
                Subject: Statistical Methods
                Subject: Multivariate Analysis
                Subject: Principal Component Analysis
                Subject: Physical Sciences
                Subject: Mathematics
                Subject: Statistics (Mathematics)
                Subject: Statistical Methods
                Subject: Multivariate Analysis
                Subject: Principal Component Analysis
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability All anonymized, relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

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