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      Flavonoids with Gastroprotective Activity

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          Abstract

          Peptic ulcers are a common disorder of the entire gastrointestinal tract that occurs mainly in the stomach and the proximal duodenum. This disease is multifactorial and its treatment faces great difficulties due to the limited effectiveness and severe side effects of the currently available drugs. The use of natural products for the prevention and treatment of different pathologies is continuously expanding throughout the world. This is particularly true with regards to flavonoids, which represent a highly diverse class of secondary metabolites with potentially beneficial human health effects that is widely distributed in the plant kingdom and currently consumed in large amounts in the diet. They display several pharmacological properties in the gastroprotective area, acting as anti-secretory, cytoprotective and antioxidant agents. Besides their action as gastroprotectives, flavonoids also act in healing of gastric ulcers and additionally these polyphenolic compounds can be new alternatives for suppression or modulation of peptic ulcers associated with H. pylori. In this review, we have summarized the literature on ninety-five flavonoids with varying degrees of antiulcerogenic activity, confirming that flavonoids have a therapeutic potential for the more effective treatment of peptic ulcers.

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          The biochemistry and medical significance of the flavonoids.

          Bent H Havsteen (2002)
          Flavonoids are plant pigments that are synthesised from phenylalanine, generally display marvelous colors known from flower petals, mostly emit brilliant fluorescence when they are excited by UV light, and are ubiquitous to green plant cells. The flavonoids are used by botanists for taxonomical classification. They regulate plant growth by inhibition of the exocytosis of the auxin indolyl acetic acid, as well as by induction of gene expression, and they influence other biological cells in numerous ways. Flavonoids inhibit or kill many bacterial strains, inhibit important viral enzymes, such as reverse transcriptase and protease, and destroy some pathogenic protozoans. Yet, their toxicity to animal cells is low. Flavonoids are major functional components of many herbal and insect preparations for medical use, e.g., propolis (bee's glue) and honey, which have been used since ancient times. The daily intake of flavonoids with normal food, especially fruit and vegetables, is 1-2 g. Modern authorised physicians are increasing their use of pure flavonoids to treat many important common diseases, due to their proven ability to inhibit specific enzymes, to simulate some hormones and neurotransmitters, and to scavenge free radicals.
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            Flavones and flavone synthases.

            Stefan Martens, Axel Mithöfer (2005)
            Within the secondary metabolite class of flavonoids which consist of more than 9000 known structures, flavones define one of the largest subgroups. Their natural distribution is demonstrated for almost all plant tissues. Various flavone aglyca and their O- or C-glycosides have been described in the literature. The diverse functions of flavones in plants as well as their various roles in the interaction with other organisms offer many potential applications, not only in plant breeding but also in ecology, agriculture and human nutrition and pharmacology. In this context, the antioxidative activity of flavones, their use in cancer prevention and treatment as well as the prevention of coronary heart disease should be emphasized. The therapeutic potential of flavones makes these compounds valuable targets for drug design, including recombinant DNA approaches. The biosynthesis of flavones in plants was found to be catalyzed by two completely different flavone synthase proteins (FNS), a unique feature within the flavonoids. The first, FNS I, a soluble dioxygenase, was only described for members of the Apiaceae family so far. The second, FNS II, a membrane bound cytochrome P450 enzyme, has been found in all other flavone accumulating tissues. This phenomenon is particularly of interest from the evolutionary point of view concerning the flavone biosynthesis and functions in plants. Recently, FNS I and FNS II genes have been cloned from a number of plant species. This now enables detailed biochemical and molecular characterizations and also the development of direct metabolic engineering strategies for modifications of flavone synthesis in plants to improve their nutritional and/or biopharmaceutical value.
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              Evidence for protective and antioxidant properties of rutin, a natural flavone, against ethanol induced gastric lesions.

              C la Casa, I Villegas, C Alarcón de la Lastra … (2000)
              This study was designed to determine the ulcer-protecting effects of rutin, a natural flavone, against gastric lesions induced by 50% ethanol, the experimental model related to lesion pathogenesis with production of reactive species. The possible involvement of sulphydryl compounds (SH), neutrophil infiltration, and the capacity of this flavone to restrain the oxidative process produced in the gastric tissue were also investigated. The levels of thiobarbituric acid (TBA, as index of lipid peroxidation), the myeloperoxidase activity (MPO, as a marker of neutrophil infiltration), the content of mucosal sulphydryls (SH) groups and the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px, an important antioxidant enzyme) were determined. Pretreatment with the highest dose of rutin (200 mg/kg), 120 min before 50% ethanol, resulted in the most effective necrosis prevention. TBA reactive substances in the gastric mucosa, were increased by ethanol injury, and this increase was inhibited by the administration of 200 mg/kg of rutin. However, the flavonoid was not able to modify the ethanol-induced neutrophil infiltrate expressed as myeloperoxidase activity. Exposure of the gastric mucosa to 50% ethanol induced a significant diminution in gastric non-protein SH content; this parameter also was not modified by the treatment with rutin. GSH-Px activity decreased in the gastric mucosa after ethanol-treatment. In contrast, rutin at all tested doses induced a significant increase in this enzymatic activity, higher than in control group. These results suggest that the gastroprotective effect of rutin in this experimental model appears through an anti-lipoperoxidant effect, and also by enhancement of the anti-oxidant enzymatic (GSH-Px) activity.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules
                Publisher: Molecular Diversity Preservation International
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 03 March 2009
                Publication date Collection: March 2009
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 979-1012
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica Prof. Delby Fernandes de Medeiros – LTF, Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Cx. Postal 5009, 58051-970, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil; E-mails: kellylira@ 123456gmail.com (K-L.M.); guilherme1_2005@ 123456hotmail.com (G-N.D.); meriemily@ 123456hotmail.com (M-F.P.); jbarbosa@ 123456ltf.ufpb.br (J-M.B-F.)
                [2 ]Laboratório de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Cx. Postal 6109, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil; E-mail: domcarecone@ 123456yahoo.com.br (A.L-F.); abrito@ 123456unicamp.br (A-M.S-B.)
                [3 ]Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biosciência, São Paulo, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo-UNESP, c.p. 510, Zip Code: 18618-000, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; E-mail: hiruma@ 123456ibb.unesp.br (C-A.H-L.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: leoniab@ 123456uol.com.br .
                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-14-00979
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules14030979
                PMC ID: 6253827
                PubMed ID: 19305355
                SO-VID: 69b35e6c-9990-40e5-a7df-2304fa60e8d1
                Copyright © © 2009 by the authors;
                License:

                licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 30 November 2008
                Date revision received : 07 January 2009
                Date accepted : 06 February 2009
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: flavonoids,gastroprotective activity,peptic ulcers,natural products.
                Data availability:
                Keywords: flavonoids, gastroprotective activity, peptic ulcers, natural products.

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