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      Mechanical, antibacterial and bond strength properties of nano-titanium-enriched glass ionomer cement

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          Abstract

          The use of nanoparticles (NPs) has become a significant area of research in Dentistry.

          Objective

          The aim of this study was to investigate the physical, antibacterial activity and bond strength properties of conventional base, core build and restorative of glass ionomer cement (GIC) compared to GIC supplemented with titanium dioxide (TiO 2) nanopowder at 3% and 5% (w/w).

          Material and Methods

          Vickers microhardness was estimated with diamond indenter. Compressive and flexural strengths were analyzed in a universal testing machine. Specimens were bonded to enamel and dentine, and tested for shear bond strength in a universal testing machine. Specimens were incubated with S. mutans suspension for evaluating antibacterial activity. Surface analysis of restorative conventional and modified GIC was performed with SEM and EDS. The analyses were carried out with Kolmogorov-Smirnov, ANOVA ( post-hoc), Tukey test, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann Whitney.

          Results

          Conventional GIC and GIC modified with TiO 2 nanopowder for the base/liner cement and core build showed no differences for mechanical, antibacterial, and shear bond properties (p>0.05). In contrast, the supplementation of TiO 2 NPs to restorative GIC significantly improved Vickers microhardness (p<0.05), flexural and compressive strength (p<0.05), and antibacterial activity (p<0.001), without interfering with adhesion to enamel and dentin.

          Conclusion

          GIC supplemented with TiO 2 NPs (FX-II) is a promising material for restoration because of its potential antibacterial activity and durable restoration to withstand the mastication force.

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          Mechanical properties and microstructures of glass-ionomer cements.

          D. Xie, W.A. Brantley, B.M. Culbertson … (2000)
          The objective of this study was to determine the flexural strength (FS), compressive strength (CS), diametral tensile strength (DTS), Knoop hardness (KHN) and wear resistance of ten commercial glass-ionomer cements (GICs). The fracture surfaces of these cements were examined using scanning electron microscopic (SEM) techniques to ascertain relationships between the mechanical properties and microstructures of these cements. Specimens were fabricated according to the instructions from each manufacturer. The FS, CS, DTS, KHN and wear rate were measured after conditioning the specimens for 7 d in distilled water at 37 degrees C. One-way analysis of variance with the post hoc Tukey-Kramer multiple range test was used to determine which specimen groups were significantly different for each test. The fracture surface of one representative specimen of each GIC from the FS tests was examined using a scanning electron microscope. The resin-modified GICs (RM GICs) exhibited much higher FS and DTS, not generally higher CS, often lower Knoop hardness and generally lower wear resistance, compared to the conventional GICs (C GICs). Vitremer (3M) had the highest values of FS and DTS; Fuji II LC (GC International) and Ketac-Molar (ESPE) had the highest CS; Ketac-Fil (ESPE) had the highest KHN. Ketac-Bond (ESPE) had the lowest FS; alpha-Silver (DMG-Hamburg) had the lowest CS. Four GICs (alpha-Fil (DMG-Hamburg), alpha-Silver, Ketac-Bond and Fuji II) had the lowest values of DTS, which were not significantly different from each other; alpha-Silver and Ketac-Silver had the lowest values of KHN. The highest wear resistance was exhibited by alpha-Silver and Ketac-Fil; F2LC had the lowest wear resistance. The C GICs exhibited brittle behavior, whereas the RM GICs underwent substantial plastic deformation in compression. The more integrated the microstructure, the higher were the FS and DTS. Higher CS was correlated with smaller glass particles, and higher KHN was found where there was a combination of smaller glass particles and lower porosity. Larger glass particle sizes and a more integrated microstructure contributed to a higher wear resistance. The mechanical properties of GICs were closely related to their microstructures. Factors such as the integrity of the interface between the glass particles and the polymer matrix, the particle size, and the number and size of voids have important roles in determining the mechanical properties.
          Article 0 comments Cited 101 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Titanium dioxide nanoparticles addition to a conventional glass-ionomer restorative: influence on physical and antibacterial properties.

            Shaymaa E Elsaka, Nihal Hamouda, Mike V Swain (2011)
            The aim of this study was to evaluate the addition of titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) nanoparticles to a conventional glass-ionomer (GI) on physical and antibacterial properties. TiO(2) nanoparticles were incorporated into the powder component of Kavitan(®) Plus (SpofaDental, Czech Republic) at 3%, 5% and 7% (w/w). Unblended powder was used as control. Fracture toughness, compressive strength, flexural strength and microtensile bond strength were evaluated using a universal testing machine. Surface microhardness was measured using Vickers microhardness tester. Setting time was determined as specified in the ISO standard. The antibacterial activity was evaluated using direct contact test against Streptococcus mutans. Fluoride release and SEM analysis were carried out. Data were analysed using ANOVA and Tukey's test. GI-containing 3% and 5% (w/w) TiO(2) nanoparticles improved the fracture toughness, flexural strength and compressive strength compared to the unmodified GI. However, a decrease in the mechanical properties was found for GI-containing 7% (w/w) TiO(2) nanoparticles. GI-containing 5% and 7% (w/w) TiO(2) nanoparticles compromised the surface microhardness. Setting time of GI-containing TiO(2) nanoparticles decreased but the values remained within ISO limits. The addition of TiO(2) nanoparticles to the conventional GI did not compromise its bond strength with dentine or fluoride release of the GI. GI-containing TiO(2) nanoparticles possessed a potent antibacterial effect. GI-containing 3% (w/w) TiO(2) nanoparticles is a promising restorative material with improved mechanical and antibacterial properties. This novel experimental GI may be potentially used for higher stress-bearing site restorations such as Class I and II. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Effects of incorporation of hydroxyapatite and fluoroapatite nanobioceramics into conventional glass ionomer cements (GIC).

              Alireza Moshaverinia, Sahar Ansari, Maryam Moshaverinia … (2008)
              Hydroxyapatite (HA) has excellent biological behavior, and its composition and crystal structure are similar to the apatite in the human dental structure and skeletal system; a number of researchers have attempted to evaluate the effect of the addition of HA powders to restorative dental materials. In this study, nanohydroxy and fluoroapatite were synthesized using an ethanol based sol-gel technique. The synthesized nanoceramic particles were incorporated into commercial glass ionomer powder (Fuji II GC) and were characterized using Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Compressive, diametral tensile and biaxial flexural strengths of the modified glass ionomer cements were evaluated. The effect of nanohydroxyapatite and fluoroapatite on the bond strength of glass ionomer cement to dentin was also investigated. Results showed that after 1 and 7 days of setting, the nanohydroxyapatite/fluoroapatite added cements exhibited higher compressive strength (177-179MPa), higher diametral tensile strength (19-20MPa) and higher biaxial flexural strength (26-28MPa) as compared with the control group (160MPa in CS, 14MPa in DTS and 18MPa in biaxial flexural strength). The experimental cements also exhibited higher bond strength to dentin after 7 and 30 days of storage in distilled water. It was concluded that glass ionomer cements containing nanobioceramics are promising restorative dental materials with both improved mechanical properties and improved bond strength to dentin.
              Article 0 comments Cited 61 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Appl Oral Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Appl Oral Sci
                Title: Journal of Applied Oral Science
                Publisher: Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru da Universidade de São Paulo
                ISSN (Print): 1678-7757
                ISSN (Electronic): 1678-7765
                Publication date (Print and electronic): May-Jun 2015
                Publication date (Print): May-Jun 2015
                Volume: 23
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 321-328
                Affiliations
                [1 ]- Laboratorio de Investigación Interdisciplinaria, Área de Biomateriales Dentales, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores (ENES) Unidad León, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Guanajuato, México.
                [2 ]- Chairman of Dental Research Center “Dr. Keisaburo Miyata”. Department of Orthodontics, Autonomous University State of Mexico (UAEM), Toluca, México.
                [3 ]- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Dental and Advanced Studies Research Center (CIEAO), Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University State of Mexico (UAEM), Toluca, México.
                [4 ]- Division of Pharmacology, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama, Japan.
                [5 ]- Sustainable Chemistry Research Center, Autonomous University State of Mexico (UAEM), Toluca, México.
                [6 ]- Division of Dental Biomaterials Science, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama, Japan.
                Author notes
                Corresponding address: Rogelio J. Scougall-Vilchis - Chairman of Dental Research Center “Dr. Keisaburo Miyata”. Department of Orthodontics, Dental and Advanced Studies Research Center (CIEAO) - Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University State of Mexico (UAEM) - Tollocan-Jesus Carranza - Colonia Universidad - Toluca - México - rscougallv@ 123456uaemex.mx rogelio.scougall@ 123456orthodonticsrs.com rogelio_scougall@ 123456hotmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1678-775720140496
                DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720140496
                PMC ID: 4510668
                PubMed ID: 26221928
                SO-VID: 69aa64dc-d0aa-41ba-840f-95da824010c0
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 11 December 2014
                Date revision received : 15 April 2015
                Date accepted : 27 May 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 8
                Categories
                Subject: Original Articles

                Keywords: glass ionomer cements,tio2 nanoparticles,antibacterial activity,physical properties,shear bond strength
                Data availability:
                Keywords: glass ionomer cements, tio2 nanoparticles, antibacterial activity, physical properties, shear bond strength

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