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      Antimicrobial resistance monitoring in commensal enterococci from healthy cattle, pigs and chickens across Europe during 2004–14 (EASSA Study)

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          Abstract

          The European Antimicrobial Susceptibility Surveillance in Animals (EASSA) programme collects zoonotic and commensal bacteria from healthy food-producing animals at slaughter and tracks their susceptibility to medically important antibiotics. Results for enterococci, collected over three time periods, are presented.

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          A novel gene, optrA, that confers transferable resistance to oxazolidinones and phenicols and its presence in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium of human and animal origin.

          The oxazolidinone-resistant Enterococcus faecalis E349 from a human patient tested negative for the cfr gene and 23S rRNA mutations. Here we report the identification of a novel oxazolidinone resistance gene, optrA, and a first investigation of the extent to which this gene was present in E. faecalis and Enterococcus faecium from humans and food-producing animals.
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            Vancomycin-resistant enterococci.

            After they were first identified in the mid-1980s, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) spread rapidly and became a major problem in many institutions both in Europe and the United States. Since VRE have intrinsic resistance to most of the commonly used antibiotics and the ability to acquire resistance to most of the current available antibiotics, either by mutation or by receipt of foreign genetic material, they have a selective advantage over other microorganisms in the intestinal flora and pose a major therapeutic challenge. The possibility of transfer of vancomycin resistance genes to other gram-positive organisms raises significant concerns about the emergence of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. We review VRE, including their history, mechanisms of resistance, epidemiology, control measures, and treatment.
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              EUCAST expert rules in antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

              EUCAST expert rules have been developed to assist clinical microbiologists and describe actions to be taken in response to specific antimicrobial susceptibility test results. They include recommendations on reporting, such as inferring susceptibility to other agents from results with one, suppression of results that may be inappropriate, and editing of results from susceptible to intermediate or resistant or from intermediate to resistant on the basis of an inferred resistance mechanism. They are based on current clinical and/or microbiological evidence. EUCAST expert rules also include intrinsic resistance phenotypes and exceptional resistance phenotypes, which have not yet been reported or are very rare. The applicability of EUCAST expert rules depends on the MIC breakpoints used to define the rules. Setting appropriate clinical breakpoints, based on treating patients and not on the detection of resistance mechanisms, may lead to modification of some expert rules in the future. © 2011 The Authors. Clinical Microbiology and Infection © 2011 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
                Oxford University Press (OUP)
                0305-7453
                1460-2091
                April 2019
                April 01 2019
                January 08 2019
                April 2019
                April 01 2019
                January 08 2019
                : 74
                : 4
                : 921-930
                Affiliations
                [1 ]EASSA Study Group, c/o CEESA, 168, Av de Tervueren, Brussels, Belgium
                [2 ]Bayer Animal Health GmbH, Monheim, Germany
                [3 ]Elanco Animal Health, Basingstoke, UK
                [4 ]MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Schwabenheim, Germany
                [5 ]Zoetis, Zaventem, Belgium
                [6 ]Vetoquinol S.A., Lure, France
                [7 ]Virbac S.A., Carros, France
                Article
                10.1093/jac/dky537
                30624665
                6914aae7-2ad5-4953-b14a-d247476e423d
                © 2019

                https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model

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