Ni–CeO ₂ spherical nanostructures for magnetic and electrochemical supercapacitor applications

Abstract

Ni–CeO ₂ spherical nano structures prepared using microwave assisted method and a specific capacitance of 577 F g ⁻¹ was achieved at 2 A g ⁻¹ in 1 M KOH.

Abstract

The synthesis of nanoparticles has great control over the structural and functional characteristics of materials. In this study, CeO ₂ and Ni–CeO ₂ spherical nanoparticles were prepared using a microwave-assisted method. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized via thermogravimetry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, FTIR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The pure CeO ₂ sample exhibited a flake-like morphology, whereas Ni-doped CeO ₂ showed spherical morphology with uniform shapes. Spherical morphologies for the Ni-doped samples were further confirmed via TEM micrographs. Thermogravimetric analyses revealed that decomposition varies with Ni-doping in CeO ₂. XRD revealed that the peak shifts towards lower angles for the Ni-doped samples. Furthermore, a diamagnetic to ferromagnetic transition was observed in Ni-doped CeO ₂. The ferromagnetic property was attributed to the introduction of oxygen vacancies in the CeO ₂ lattice upon doping with Ni, which were confirmed by Raman and XPS. The pseudo-capacitive properties of pure and Ni-doped CeO ₂ samples were evaluated via cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge studies, wherein 1 M KOH was used as the electrolyte. The specific capacitances were 235, 351, 382, 577 and 417 F g ⁻¹ corresponding to the pure 1%, 3%, 5% and 7% of Ni doped samples at the current density of 2 A g ⁻¹, respectively. The 5% Ni-doped sample showed an excellent cyclic stability and maintained 94% of its maximum specific capacitance after 1000 cycles.