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      Hepatitis E Pathogenesis

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          Abstract

          Although most hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections are asymptomatic, some can be severe, causing fulminant hepatitis and extra-hepatic manifestations, including neurological and kidney injuries. Chronic HEV infections may also occur in immunocompromised patients. This review describes how our understanding of the pathogenesis of HEV infection has progressed in recent years.

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          Effects of a polymorphism in the human tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter on transcriptional activation.

          A Wilson, J A Symons, T McDowell … (1997)
          Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) is a potent immunomodulator and proinflammatory cytokine that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and infectious diseases. For example, plasma levels of TNF alpha are positively correlated with severity and mortality in malaria and leishmaniasis. We have previously described a polymorphism at -308 in the TNF alpha promoter and shown that the rare allele, TNF2, lies on the extended haplotype HLA-A1-B8-DR3-DQ2, which is associated with autoimmunity and high TNF alpha production. Homozygosity for TNF2 carries a sevenfold increased risk of death from cerebral malaria. Here we demonstrate, with reporter genes under the control of the two allelic TNF promoters, that TNF2 is a much stronger transcriptional activator than the common allele (TNF1) in a human B cell line. Footprint analysis using DNase I and B cell nuclear extract showed the generation of a hypersensitive site at -308 and an adjacent area of protection. There was no difference in affinity of the DNA-binding protein(s) between the two alleles. These results show that this polymorphism has direct effects on TNF alpha gene regulation and may be responsible for the association of TNF2 with high TNF alpha phenotype and more severe disease in infections such as malaria and leishmaniasis.
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            Persistent carriage of hepatitis E virus in patients with HIV infection.

            Harry R. Dalton, Richard Bendall, Frances E Keane … (2009)
            Article 0 comments Cited 161 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Proposed reference sequences for hepatitis E virus subtypes

              Donald B. Smith, Peter Simmonds, Jacques Izopet … (2016)
              The nomenclature of hepatitis E virus (HEV) subtypes is inconsistent and makes comparison of different studies problematic. We have provided a table of proposed complete genome reference sequences for each subtype. The criteria for subtype assignment vary between different genotypes and methodologies, and so a conservative pragmatic approach has been favoured. Updates to this table will be posted on the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses website (http://talk.ictvonline.org/r.ashx?C). The use of common reference sequences will facilitate communication between researchers and help clarify the epidemiology of this important human pathogen. This subtyping procedure might be adopted for other taxa of the genus Orthohepevirus.
              Article 0 comments Cited 146 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Eric O. Freed: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Viruses
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Viruses
                Journal ID (publisher-id): viruses
                Title: Viruses
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1999-4915
                Publication date (Electronic): 05 August 2016
                Publication date Collection: August 2016
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 8
                Electronic Location Identifier: 212
                Affiliations
                [1 ]INSERM, UMR1043, Department of Virology, CHU Purpan, Université Paul Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France; lhomme.s@ 123456chu-toulouse.fr (S.L.); marion-olivier@ 123456hotmail.fr (O.M.); abravanel.f@ 123456chu-toulouse.fr (F.A.); chapuy-regaud.s@ 123456chu-toulouse.fr (S.C.-R.)
                [2 ]INSERM, UMR1043, Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Organ Transplantation, CHU Rangueil, Université Paul Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France; kamar.n@ 123456chu-toulouse.fr
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: izopet.j@ 123456chu-toulouse.fr ; Tel.: +33-5-67-69-04-24
                Article
                Publisher ID: viruses-08-00212
                DOI: 10.3390/v8080212
                PMC ID: 4997574
                PubMed ID: 27527210
                SO-VID: 68a46d60-780d-46ec-9dfc-d4d156c9abc5
                Copyright © © 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 30 June 2016
                Date accepted : 27 July 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: hepatitis e virus,pathogenesis,extra-hepatic manifestation,fulminant hepatitis,chronic infection
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: hepatitis e virus, pathogenesis, extra-hepatic manifestation, fulminant hepatitis, chronic infection

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