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      Flexible electronics for cardiovascular monitoring on complex physiological skins

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          Summary

          Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) pose a significant global health threat, responsible for a considerable portion of worldwide mortality. Flexible electronics enable continuous, noninvasive, real-time, and portable monitoring, providing an ideal platform for personalized healthcare. Nevertheless, challenges persist in sustaining stable adherence across diverse and intricate skin environments, hindering further advancement toward clinical applications. Strategies such as structural design and chemical modification can significantly enhance the environmental adaptability and monitoring performance of flexible electronics. This review delineates processing techniques, including structural design and chemical modification, to mitigate signal interference from sebaceous skin, motion artifacts from the skin in motion, and infection risks from fragile skin, thereby enabling the accurate monitoring of key cardiovascular indicators in complex physiological environments. Moreover, it delves into the potential for the strategic development and improvement of flexible electronics to ensure their alignment with complex physiological environment requirements, facilitating their transition to clinical applications.

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          Health sciences; Physics; Engineering

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          Most cited references185

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          Epidermal electronics.

          We report classes of electronic systems that achieve thicknesses, effective elastic moduli, bending stiffnesses, and areal mass densities matched to the epidermis. Unlike traditional wafer-based technologies, laminating such devices onto the skin leads to conformal contact and adequate adhesion based on van der Waals interactions alone, in a manner that is mechanically invisible to the user. We describe systems incorporating electrophysiological, temperature, and strain sensors, as well as transistors, light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, radio frequency inductors, capacitors, oscillators, and rectifying diodes. Solar cells and wireless coils provide options for power supply. We used this type of technology to measure electrical activity produced by the heart, brain, and skeletal muscles and show that the resulting data contain sufficient information for an unusual type of computer game controller.
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            Lab-on-Skin: A Review of Flexible and Stretchable Electronics for Wearable Health Monitoring.

            Skin is the largest organ of the human body, and it offers a diagnostic interface rich with vital biological signals from the inner organs, blood vessels, muscles, and dermis/epidermis. Soft, flexible, and stretchable electronic devices provide a novel platform to interface with soft tissues for robotic feedback and control, regenerative medicine, and continuous health monitoring. Here, we introduce the term "lab-on-skin" to describe a set of electronic devices that have physical properties, such as thickness, thermal mass, elastic modulus, and water-vapor permeability, which resemble those of the skin. These devices can conformally laminate on the epidermis to mitigate motion artifacts and mismatches in mechanical properties created by conventional, rigid electronics while simultaneously providing accurate, non-invasive, long-term, and continuous health monitoring. Recent progress in the design and fabrication of soft sensors with more advanced capabilities and enhanced reliability suggest an impending translation of these devices from the research lab to clinical environments. Regarding these advances, the first part of this manuscript reviews materials, design strategies, and powering systems used in soft electronics. Next, the paper provides an overview of applications of these devices in cardiology, dermatology, electrophysiology, and sweat diagnostics, with an emphasis on how these systems may replace conventional clinical tools. The review concludes with an outlook on current challenges and opportunities for future research directions in wearable health monitoring.
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              Tough adhesives for diverse wet surfaces

              Adhesion to wet and dynamic surfaces, including biological tissues, is important in many fields, but has proven extremely challenging. Existing adhesives are either cytotoxic, adhere weakly to tissues, or cannot be utilized in wet environments. We report a bio-inspired design for adhesives consisting of two layers: an adhesive surface and a dissipative matrix. The former adheres to the substrate by electrostatic interactions, covalent bonds, and physical interpenetration. The latter amplifies energy dissipation through hysteresis. The two layers synergistically lead to higher adhesion energy on wet surfaces than existing adhesives. Adhesion occurs within minutes, independent of blood exposure, and compatible with in vivo dynamic movements. This family of adhesives may be useful in many areas of application, including tissue adhesives, wound dressings and tissue repair.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                iScience
                iScience
                iScience
                Elsevier
                2589-0042
                12 August 2024
                20 September 2024
                12 August 2024
                : 27
                : 9
                : 110707
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
                [2 ]Department of Pneumology, Tianjin Children’s Hospital, Children’s Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300204, China
                [3 ]Geriatric Medical Center, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570311, China
                [4 ]State Key Laboratory of Electromechanical Integrated Manufacturing of High-performance Electronic Equipments, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
                Author notes
                []Corresponding author jiangfan719@ 123456hainmc.edu.cn
                [∗∗ ]Corresponding author jiangshan@ 123456xidian.edu.cn
                Article
                S2589-0042(24)01932-1 110707
                10.1016/j.isci.2024.110707
                11387687
                39262772
                6896233e-794e-4e77-b6dd-f1b3e7682515
                © 2024 The Author(s)

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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                health sciences,physics,engineering
                health sciences, physics, engineering

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