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      Processed Vietnamese ginseng: Preliminary results in chemistry and biological activity

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          Abstract

          Background

          This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the steaming process on chemical constituents, free radical scavenging activity, and antiproliferative effect of Vietnamese ginseng.

          Methods

          Samples of powdered Vietnamese ginseng were steamed at 120°C for various times and their extracts were subjected to chemical and biological studies.

          Results

          Upon steaming, contents of polar ginsenosides, such as Rb1, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1, were rapidly decreased, whereas less polar ginsenosides such as Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, Rk3, and Rh4 were increased as reported previously. However, ocotillol type saponins, which have no glycosyl moiety at the C-20 position, were relatively stable on steaming. The radical scavenging activity was increased continuously up to 20 h of steaming. Similarly, the antiproliferative activity against A549 lung cancer cells was also increased.

          Conclusion

          It seems that the antiproliferative activity is closely related to the contents of ginsenoside Rg3, Rg5, and Rk1.

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          Most cited references24

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          Ginsenosides as Anticancer Agents: In vitro and in vivo Activities, Structure–Activity Relationships, and Molecular Mechanisms of Action

          Subhasree Ashok Nag, Jiang-Jiang Qin, Wei-wei Wang … (2012)
          Conventional chemotherapeutic agents are often toxic not only to tumor cells but also to normal cells, limiting their therapeutic use in the clinic. Novel natural product anticancer compounds present an attractive alternative to synthetic compounds, based on their favorable safety and efficacy profiles. Several pre-clinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the anticancer potential of Panax ginseng, a widely used traditional Chinese medicine. The anti-tumor efficacy of ginseng is attributed mainly to the presence of saponins, known as ginsenosides. In this review, we focus on how ginsenosides exert their anticancer effects by modulation of diverse signaling pathways, including regulation of cell proliferation mediators (CDKs and cyclins), growth factors (c-myc, EGFR, and vascular endothelial growth factor), tumor suppressors (p53 and p21), oncogenes (MDM2), cell death mediators (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, XIAP, caspases, and death receptors), inflammatory response molecules (NF-κB and COX-2), and protein kinases (JNK, Akt, and AMP-activated protein kinase). We also discuss the structure–activity relationship of various ginsenosides and their potentials in the treatment of various human cancers. In summary, recent advances in the discovery and evaluation of ginsenosides as cancer therapeutic agents support further pre-clinical and clinical development of these agents for the treatment of primary and metastatic tumors.
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            Steaming of ginseng at high temperature enhances biological activity.

            Wang Yu Kim, Jong Kim, Sang Han … (2000)
            The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of steaming ginseng at a temperature over 100 degrees C on its chemical constituents and biological activities. Raw ginseng was steamed at 100, 110, and 120 degrees C for 2 h using an autoclave. The ginseng steamed at 120 degrees C was more potent in its ability to induce endothelium-dependent relaxation. Steaming the raw ginseng at 120 degrees C also remarkably increased the radical-scavenging activity. Ginsenosides F(4), Rg(3), and Rg(5), which were not present in raw ginseng, were produced after steaming. Ginsenosides Rg(3) and Rg(5) were the most abundant ginsenosides in the ginseng steamed at 120 degrees C, accounting for 39% and 19% of all ginsenosides, respectively.
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              Red American ginseng: ginsenoside constituents and antiproliferative activities of heat-processed Panax quinquefolius roots.

              Chong-Zhi Wang, Han Aung, Ming Ni … (2007)
              Red Asian ginseng ( Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, Araliaceae) is used in many Oriental countries. In this study, the saponin constituents and anticancer activities of steamed American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius L.) roots were evaluated. The contents of 12 ginsenosides in the roots were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). After the steaming treatment (100 - 120 degrees C for 1 h and 120 degrees C for 0.5 - 4 h), the quantity of 7 ginsenosides decreased and that of 5 others increased. The content of ginsenoside Rg3, a previously recognized anticancer compound, increased significantly when the root was steamed at 120 degrees C for 0.5 - 3 h. The antiproliferative effects of unsteamed and steamed (120 degrees C for 1 h and 2 h) American ginseng root extracts were assayed by the modified trichrome stain (MTS) method using three cancer cell lines (SW-480, HT-29, NSCLC). Heat-processing increased the antiproliferative effect of American ginseng significantly, and the activity of the extract from roots steamed for 2 h was greater than that of roots steamed for 1 h. Chemical constituents and antiproliferative activities of white and red Asian ginseng have also been evaluated. Five representative ginsenosides, Rb1, Rd, Re, Rg2 and Rg3, were studied. Ginsenoside Rg3 had the most potent effect. The antiproliferative activities of red American ginseng are augmented when ginsenoside Rg3 is increased.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Jeong Hill Park
                Minh Duc Nguyen
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Ginseng Res
                Title: Journal of Ginseng Research
                ISSN (Print): 1226-8453
                ISSN (Electronic): 2093-4947
                Publication date PMC-release: 17 December 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 December 2013
                Publication date (Print): April 2014
                Volume: 38
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 154-159
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
                [2 ]Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea. hillpark@ 123456snu.ac.kr
                [∗∗ ]Corresponding author. Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, 41-43 Dinh Tien Hoang, District. 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. ducng@ 123456hcm.vnn.vn
                Article
                Publisher ID: S1226-8453(13)00019-5
                DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2013.11.015
                PMC ID: 3986633
                PubMed ID: 24748840
                SO-VID: 6868f295-73a1-4b34-ab76-aa416cb11a3c
                Copyright © © 2014 The Korean Society of Ginseng. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 12 October 2013
                Date revision received : 11 November 2013
                Date accepted : 12 November 2013
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                Keywords: antiproliferation,ginsenoside,panax vietnamensis,steaming,vietnamese ginseng
                Data availability:
                Keywords: antiproliferation, ginsenoside, panax vietnamensis, steaming, vietnamese ginseng

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