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      Oxytocin in the socioemotional brain: implications for psychiatric disorders Translated title: La oxitocina en el cerebro socioemocional: repercusiones en los trastornos psiquiátricos Translated title: L'ocytocine dans le cerveau socio-émotionnel: implications dans les troubles psychiatriques

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          Abstract

          The neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT), highly conserved during evolution, is an important modulator of social and emotional processes across many species. During the last decade, a large body of literature has revealed its effects on different aspects of social behavior, including social stress and anxiety, social memory, affiliation and bonding, emotion recognition, mentalizing, empathy, and interpersonal trust. In addition, as impairments in these social domains can be observed in a number of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism, social anxiety disorder, depression, schizophrenia, and borderline personality disorder, the role of OXT in mental disorders and their treatment has been intensively studied. The present paper gives a short overview of these lines of research and shows how OXT has become a promising target for novel treatment approaches for mental disorders characterized by social impairments.

          Translated abstract

          El neuropéptido oxitocina (OXT), muy bien conservado durante la evolución, es un modulador importante de los procesos sociales y emocionales en muchas especies. Durante la última década, bastante literatura ha revelado sus efectos sobre diferentes aspectos de la conducta social, incluyendo el estrés social y la angustia, la memoria social, la filiación y el vínculo, el reconocimiento de las emociones, la mentalización, la empatía y la confianza interpersonal. Además, se ha estudiado extensamente el papel de la OXT en los trastornos mentales y su tratamiento ya que las alteraciones en estos aspectos sociales pueden observarse en varios trastornos neuropsiquiátricos como el autismo, el trastorno de ansiedad social, la depresión, la esquizofrenia y el trastorno de personalidad borderline. Este artículo entrega una pequeña panorámica de estas líneas de investigación y muestra cómo la OXT ha llegado a ser un objetivo promisorio para las nuevas aproximaciones terapéuticas para los trastornos mentales caracterizados por alteraciones sociales.

          Translated abstract

          L'ocytocine (OXT), neuropeptide très bien conservé au cours de l'évolution, est un modulateur important des processus sociaux et émotionnels dans de nombreuses espèces. Ces 10 dernières années, de nombreux articles de la littérature ont montré ses effets sur différents aspects du comportement social dont le stress et l'anxiété sociaux, la mémoire sociale, l'affiliation et la création de lien, la reconnaissance des émotions, la mentalisation, l'empathie et la confiance interpersonnelle. De plus, le rôle de l'OXT dans les troubles mentaux et leur traitement a été très étudié car des déficits dans ces domaines sociaux sont observés dans de nombreux troubles psychiatriques comme l'autisme, l'anxiété sociale, la dépression, la schizophrénie et la personnalité «borderline». Dans cet article nous faisons une brève revue de ces axes de recherche et montrons comment l'OXT est devenue une cible prometteuse de nouveau traitement pour les troubles mentaux caractérisés par des troubles sociaux.

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          Oxytocin, vasopressin, and the neurogenetics of sociality.

          There is growing evidence that the neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin modulate complex social behavior and social cognition. These ancient neuropeptides display a marked conservation in gene structure and expression, yet diversity in the genetic regulation of their receptors seems to underlie natural variation in social behavior, both between and within species. Human studies are beginning to explore the roles of these neuropeptides in social cognition and behavior and suggest that variation in the genes encoding their receptors may contribute to variation in human social behavior by altering brain function. Understanding the neurobiology and neurogenetics of social cognition and behavior has important implications, both clinically and for society.
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            Oxytocin modulates neural circuitry for social cognition and fear in humans.

            In non-human mammals, the neuropeptide oxytocin is a key mediator of complex emotional and social behaviors, including attachment, social recognition, and aggression. Oxytocin reduces anxiety and impacts on fear conditioning and extinction. Recently, oxytocin administration in humans was shown to increase trust, suggesting involvement of the amygdala, a central component of the neurocircuitry of fear and social cognition that has been linked to trust and highly expresses oxytocin receptors in many mammals. However, no human data on the effects of this peptide on brain function were available. Here, we show that human amygdala function is strongly modulated by oxytocin. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to image amygdala activation by fear-inducing visual stimuli in 15 healthy males after double-blind crossover intranasal application of placebo or oxytocin. Compared with placebo, oxytocin potently reduced activation of the amygdala and reduced coupling of the amygdala to brainstem regions implicated in autonomic and behavioral manifestations of fear. Our results indicate a neural mechanism for the effects of oxytocin in social cognition in the human brain and provide a methodology and rationale for exploring therapeutic strategies in disorders in which abnormal amygdala function has been implicated, such as social phobia or autism.
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              Oxytocin improves "mind-reading" in humans.

              The ability to "read the mind" of other individuals, that is, to infer their mental state by interpreting subtle social cues, is indispensable in human social interaction. The neuropeptide oxytocin plays a central role in social approach behavior in nonhuman mammals. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject design, 30 healthy male volunteers were tested for their ability to infer the affective mental state of others using the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET) after intranasal administration of 24 IU oxytocin. Oxytocin improved performance on the RMET compared with placebo. This effect was pronounced for difficult compared with easy items. Our data suggest that oxytocin improves the ability to infer the mental state of others from social cues of the eye region. Oxytocin might play a role in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder, which is characterized by severe social impairment.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
                Les Laboratoires Servier (France )
                1294-8322
                1958-5969
                December 2015
                December 2015
                : 17
                : 4
                : 463-476
                Affiliations
                Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
                Author notes
                Article
                10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.4/pkirsch
                4734884
                26869847
                684348cb-f8dd-4475-bd9b-29f660dae427
                Copyright: © 2015 Institut la Conférence Hippocrate - Servier Research Group

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Categories
                Clinical Research

                Neurosciences
                interpersonal trust,oxytocin,oxytocin treatment,psychiatric disoder,social anxiety,social cognition,social stress

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