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      A perspective on tumor radiation resistance following high-LET radiation treatment

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          Abstract

          High-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation is a promising alternative to conventional low-LET radiation for therapeutic gain against cancer owing to its ability to induce complex and clustered DNA lesions. However, the development of radiation resistance poses a significant barrier. The potential molecular mechanisms that could confer resistance development are translesion synthesis (TLS), replication gap suppression (RGS) mechanisms, autophagy, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) activation, release of exosomes, and epigenetic changes. This article will discuss various types of complex clustered DNA damage, their repair mechanisms, mutagenic potential, and the development of radiation resistance strategies. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of careful consideration and patient selection when employing high-LET radiotherapy in clinical settings.

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          Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries

          Hyuna Sung, Jacques Ferlay, Rebecca Siegel … (2021)
          This article provides an update on the global cancer burden using the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Worldwide, an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases (18.1 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and almost 10.0 million cancer deaths (9.9 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) occurred in 2020. Female breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases (11.7%), followed by lung (11.4%), colorectal (10.0 %), prostate (7.3%), and stomach (5.6%) cancers. Lung cancer remained the leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths (18%), followed by colorectal (9.4%), liver (8.3%), stomach (7.7%), and female breast (6.9%) cancers. Overall incidence was from 2-fold to 3-fold higher in transitioned versus transitioning countries for both sexes, whereas mortality varied <2-fold for men and little for women. Death rates for female breast and cervical cancers, however, were considerably higher in transitioning versus transitioned countries (15.0 vs 12.8 per 100,000 and 12.4 vs 5.2 per 100,000, respectively). The global cancer burden is expected to be 28.4 million cases in 2040, a 47% rise from 2020, with a larger increase in transitioning (64% to 95%) versus transitioned (32% to 56%) countries due to demographic changes, although this may be further exacerbated by increasing risk factors associated with globalization and a growing economy. Efforts to build a sustainable infrastructure for the dissemination of cancer prevention measures and provision of cancer care in transitioning countries is critical for global cancer control.
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            New insights into the mechanisms of epithelial–mesenchymal transition and implications for cancer

            Anushka Dongre, Robert Weinberg (2018)
            Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cellular programme that is known to be crucial for embryogenesis, wound healing and malignant progression. During EMT, cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions are remodelled, which leads to the detachment of epithelial cells from each other and the underlying basement membrane, and a new transcriptional programme is activated to promote the mesenchymal fate. In the context of neoplasias, EMT confers on cancer cells increased tumour-initiating and metastatic potential and a greater resistance to elimination by several therapeutic regimens. In this Review, we discuss recent findings on the mechanisms and roles of EMT in normal and neoplastic tissues, and the cell-intrinsic signals that sustain expression of this programme. We also highlight how EMT gives rise to a variety of intermediate cell states between the epithelial and the mesenchymal state, which could function as cancer stem cells. In addition, we describe the contributions of the tumour microenvironment in inducing EMT and the effects of EMT on the immunobiology of carcinomas.
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              Cancer statistics for the year 2020: An overview

              Jacques Ferlay, Murielle Colombet, Isabelle Soerjomataram … (2021)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Yogendra Singh Rajpurohit: ysraj@barc.gov.in
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Cancer Res Clin Oncol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Cancer Res Clin Oncol
                Title: Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology
                Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                ISSN (Print): 0171-5216
                ISSN (Electronic): 1432-1335
                Publication date (Electronic): 2 May 2024
                Publication date PMC-release: 2 May 2024
                Publication date (Print): 2024
                Volume: 150
                Issue: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: 226
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, ( https://ror.org/05w6wfp17) 2-46-S, Modular Lab, A-Block, Mumbai, 400085 India
                [2 ]Homi Bhabha National Institute, DAE- Deemed University, ( https://ror.org/02bv3zr67) Mumbai, 400094 India
                Article
                Publisher ID: 5757
                DOI: 10.1007/s00432-024-05757-8
                PMC ID: 11065934
                PubMed ID: 38696003
                SO-VID: 680717c9-973a-42e8-92ad-1d942500881a
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2024
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 24 February 2024
                Date accepted : 22 April 2024
                Categories
                Subject: Matters Arising
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy
                Keywords: linear energy transfer (let),photon therapy,relative biological effectiveness (rbe),clustered dna lesions,translesion synthesis (tls)
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy
                Keywords: linear energy transfer (let), photon therapy, relative biological effectiveness (rbe), clustered dna lesions, translesion synthesis (tls)

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