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      Evolutionary ecomorphology of select species of rays distributed in the Gulf of Mexico Translated title: Ecomorfología evolutiva de especies selectas de batomorfos distribuidos en el golfo de México

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          Abstract

          Abstract Bathomorphi is a diverse lineage, accounting for more than half of the chondrichthyan diversity. Yet, more than 12.3% of the species are in the “deficient data” category of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, indicating a gap in the knowledge of this group. In the present study, the diet and morphological variation associated with locomotion (disc) and feeding (Meckel’s cartilage and teeth) of 9 species of batomorphs were analyzed to assess trophic and morphological diversity, size, and sexual dimorphism. Comparative phylogenetic methods were used to determine the evolutionary relationship between variables. According to our results, the species selected showed a wide and intricate morphological variation. Sexual dimorphism was mainly observed in tooth morphology, where males tended to have more pointed teeth than females. Disc allometry was recorded for most species; small specimens presented a longer snout than larger specimens. Only the Meckel’s cartilage was related to the diet of the species. However, the morphological variation of the disc, Meckel’s cartilage, and teeth of the batomorphs were correlated through the evolution of the group and responded to functional patterns such as swimming and feeding, which finally, determined the ecology of the species.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Bathomorphi es un linaje diverso, representa más de la mitad de la diversidad condrictios. El 12.3% de las especies se encuentran en la categoría “datos deficientes” de la Lista Roja, lo que indica un vacío en el acervo de conocimientos de este grupo. En el presente estudio, la dieta y variación morfológica asociada a la locomoción (disco) y alimentación (cartílago de Meckel y dientes) de 9 batomorfos fueron analizadas para evaluar la diversidad trófica y morfológica, la talla, y el dimorfismo sexual. La relación evolutiva de las variables se analizó mediante métodos filogenéticos comparativos. Las especies analizadas mostraron una variación morfológica amplia e intrincada. Se observó dimorfismo sexual en la morfología de los dientes, donde los machos tienen dientes más puntiagudos que las hembras. Se registró alometría en el disco en la mayoría de las especies. Los especímenes pequeños presentaron un hocico más largo que los grandes. El cartílago de Meckel estuvo relacionado con la dieta. La variación morfológica del disco, el cartílago de Meckel y los dientes se correlacionaron a través de la evolución del grupo y respondieron a patrones funcionales como la natación y alimentación, que finalmente determinaron la ecología de la especie.

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          MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms.

          The Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (Mega) software implements many analytical methods and tools for phylogenomics and phylomedicine. Here, we report a transformation of Mega to enable cross-platform use on Microsoft Windows and Linux operating systems. Mega X does not require virtualization or emulation software and provides a uniform user experience across platforms. Mega X has additionally been upgraded to use multiple computing cores for many molecular evolutionary analyses. Mega X is available in two interfaces (graphical and command line) and can be downloaded from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.
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            phytools: an R package for phylogenetic comparative biology (and other things)

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              APE: Analyses of Phylogenetics and Evolution in R language.

              Analysis of Phylogenetics and Evolution (APE) is a package written in the R language for use in molecular evolution and phylogenetics. APE provides both utility functions for reading and writing data and manipulating phylogenetic trees, as well as several advanced methods for phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis (e.g. comparative and population genetic methods). APE takes advantage of the many R functions for statistics and graphics, and also provides a flexible framework for developing and implementing further statistical methods for the analysis of evolutionary processes. The program is free and available from the official R package archive at http://cran.r-project.org/src/contrib/PACKAGES.html#ape. APE is licensed under the GNU General Public License.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rmbiodiv
                Revista mexicana de biodiversidad
                Rev. Mex. Biodiv.
                Instituto de Biología (México, DF, Mexico )
                1870-3453
                2007-8706
                2022
                : 93
                : e934032
                Affiliations
                [2] Mérida orgnameInstituto Politécnico Nacional orgdiv1Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados orgdiv2Laboratorio de Taxonomía y Ecología de Peces Mexico
                [1] Ensenada Baja California orgnameCentro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada orgdiv1Departamento de Ecología Marina Mexico
                Article
                S1870-34532022000100319 S1870-3453(22)09300000319
                10.22201/ib.20078706e.2022.93.4032
                680575ef-6da2-49aa-80ab-c737dbb83808

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 05 May 2021
                : 10 January 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 88, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Ecology

                Ecology
                Locomotion,Feeding,Bathomorphi,Dimorfismo sexual,Regresión filogenética,Locomoción,Alimentación,Sexual dimorphism,Phylogenetic regression

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