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      Antimicrobial resistance and molecular characteristics of Neisseria gonorrhoea isolates in Ghana

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          Abstract

          Introduction.

          Gonorrhoea is a disease associated with humans and caused by Neisseria gonorrhoea. N. gonorrhoea’s ability to evolve and evade various treatment regimens can lead to untreatable gonorrhoea. In the absence of a viable vaccine and a national database on the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and molecular characteristics of N. gonorrhoea, and with reliance on a syndromic management regime, continuous national antimicrobial resistance surveillance and molecular characterization of N. gonorrhoea remain imperative. Only two gonococcal studies have described N. gonorrhoea’s molecular characteristics linked to AMR in Ghana.

          Methods.

          Secondary N. gonorrhoea isolates ( n=4) were collected from two metropolises in Ghana: Tamale in the northern sector ( n=1) and Accra in the southern sector ( n=3). The isolates were confirmed and characterized using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the porB and tbpB genes, and the disc diffusion method was used to evaluate AMR. N. gonorrhoea multi-antigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) and porin B ( porB) gene sequence analyses were employed to reveal the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary trajectory, respectively.

          Results.

          All four isolates showed resistance to at least four of the tested antibiotics. One isolate showed resistance to all seven antibiotics, i.e. ceftriaxone, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, erythromycin, togamycin and penicillin. NG-MAST typing revealed isolate S3 (MZ313864) as ST211. The locus of S2 (MZ313863) (transferrin-binding protein B; tbpB) was identified as tbpB1844, and its porB locus, as porB6412, with only 4 closely related variants but with 15 nucleotide differences. However, its sequence type does not exist. The porB analysis identified isolate S3 (MZ313864) to be found globally, while S2 (MZ313863) is unique to this study.

          Discussion.

          Despite the small number of isolates tested, this study recorded multidrug resistance and previously unknown gonococcal variants based on porB gene. Additionally, the molecular typing schemes revealed a disparity between NG-MAST and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) platforms. There is a need for continuous gonococcal AMR and molecular surveillance in Ghana to contribute to the global efforts to describe circulating strains and support proper application of the syndromic management regime to gonorrhoea.

          Most cited references48

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          MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms.

          The Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (Mega) software implements many analytical methods and tools for phylogenomics and phylomedicine. Here, we report a transformation of Mega to enable cross-platform use on Microsoft Windows and Linux operating systems. Mega X does not require virtualization or emulation software and provides a uniform user experience across platforms. Mega X has additionally been upgraded to use multiple computing cores for many molecular evolutionary analyses. Mega X is available in two interfaces (graphical and command line) and can be downloaded from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.
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            BLAST+: architecture and applications

            Background Sequence similarity searching is a very important bioinformatics task. While Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) outperforms exact methods through its use of heuristics, the speed of the current BLAST software is suboptimal for very long queries or database sequences. There are also some shortcomings in the user-interface of the current command-line applications. Results We describe features and improvements of rewritten BLAST software and introduce new command-line applications. Long query sequences are broken into chunks for processing, in some cases leading to dramatically shorter run times. For long database sequences, it is possible to retrieve only the relevant parts of the sequence, reducing CPU time and memory usage for searches of short queries against databases of contigs or chromosomes. The program can now retrieve masking information for database sequences from the BLAST databases. A new modular software library can now access subject sequence data from arbitrary data sources. We introduce several new features, including strategy files that allow a user to save and reuse their favorite set of options. The strategy files can be uploaded to and downloaded from the NCBI BLAST web site. Conclusion The new BLAST command-line applications, compared to the current BLAST tools, demonstrate substantial speed improvements for long queries as well as chromosome length database sequences. We have also improved the user interface of the command-line applications.
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              Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0.

              The Clustal W and Clustal X multiple sequence alignment programs have been completely rewritten in C++. This will facilitate the further development of the alignment algorithms in the future and has allowed proper porting of the programs to the latest versions of Linux, Macintosh and Windows operating systems. The programs can be run on-line from the EBI web server: http://www.ebi.ac.uk/tools/clustalw2. The source code and executables for Windows, Linux and Macintosh computers are available from the EBI ftp site ftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/software/clustalw2/
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Access Microbiol
                Access Microbiol
                acmi
                acmi
                Access Microbiology
                Microbiology Society
                2516-8290
                2024
                8 February 2024
                8 February 2024
                : 6
                : 2
                : 000689.v3
                Affiliations
                [ 1] departmentDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine , School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, Box 1350 , Tamale, Ghana
                [ 2] departmentDepartment of Biotechnology , Faculty of Biosciences, University for Development Studies, Box 1882 , Tamale, Ghana
                [ 3] departmentDepartment of Microbiology , Faculty of Biosciences, University for Development Studies, Box 1882 , Tamale, Ghana
                [ 4] departmentSchool of Science , University of Greenwich, Central Avenue , Kent ME4 4TB, UK
                Author notes
                *Correspondence: Haris Sualah Musah, haris.musah@ 123456uds.edu.gh
                *Correspondence: Osman Adamu Dufailu, o.a.dufailu@ 123456greenwich.ac.uk
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4713-6237
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8291-9832
                Article
                000689.v3
                10.1099/acmi.0.000689.v3
                10928399
                38482370
                67b89bf4-4b35-4649-aca8-82196108ee90
                © 2024 The Authors

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.

                History
                : 15 August 2023
                : 24 January 2024
                Categories
                Research Articles
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                n. gonorrhoea,antimicrobial resistance,molecular characterization,ghana

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