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      Physiological stress in response to multitasking and work interruptions: Study protocol

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          Abstract

          Background

          The biopsychological response patterns to digital stress have been sparsely investigated so far. Important potential stressors in modern working environments due to increased digitalization are multitasking and work interruptions. In this study protocol, we present a protocol for a laboratory experiment, in which we will investigate the biopsychological stress response patterns to multitasking and work interruptions.

          Methods

          In total, N = 192 healthy, adult participants will be assigned to six experimental conditions in a randomized order (one single-task, three dual-task (two in parallel and one as interruption), one multitasking, and one passive control condition). Salivary alpha-amylase as well as heart rate as markers for Sympathetic Nervous System Activity, heart rate variability as measure for Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) activity, and cortisol as measure for activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis will be assessed at six time points throughout the experimental session. Furthermore, inflammatory markers (i.e., IL-6, C-reactive protein (CRP), and secretory immunoglobulin-A) will be assessed before and after the task as well as 24 hours after it (IL-6 and CRP only). Main outcomes will be the time course of these physiological stress markers. Reactivity of these measures will be compared between the experimental conditions (dual-tasking, work interruptions, and multitasking) with the control conditions (single-tasking and passive control).

          Discussion

          With this study protocol, we present a comprehensive experiment, which will enable an extensive investigation of physiological stress-responses to multitasking and work interruptions. Our planned study will contribute to a better understanding of physiological response patterns to modern (digital) stressors. Potential risks and limitations are discussed. The findings will have important implications, especially in the context of digital health in modern working and living environments.

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          Most cited references105

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          The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population

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            Stress, Appraisal, and Coping

            <p><b>The reissue of a classic work, now with a foreword by Daniel Goleman!</b><p>Here is a monumental work that continues in the tradition pioneered by co-author Richard Lazarus in his classic book <i>Psychological Stress and the Coping Process</i>. Dr. Lazarus and his collaborator, Dr. Susan Folkman, present here a detailed theory of psychological stress, building on the concepts of cognitive appraisal and coping which have become major themes of theory and investigation.</p> <p>As an integrative theoretical analysis, this volume pulls together two decades of research and thought on issues in behavioral medicine, emotion, stress management, treatment, and life span development. A selective review of the most pertinent literature is included in each chapter. The total reference listing for the book extends to 60 pages.</p> <p>This work is necessarily multidisciplinary, reflecting the many dimensions of stress-related problems and their situation within a complex social context. While the emphasis is on psychological aspects of stress, the book is oriented towards professionals in various disciplines, as well as advanced students and educated laypersons. The intended audience ranges from psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, nurses, and social workers to sociologists, anthropologists, medical researchers, and physiologists.</p>
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              Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                8 February 2022
                2022
                : 17
                : 2
                : e0263785
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Psychology, Chair of Health Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
                [2 ] Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, LMU University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
                [3 ] Institute for Patient Safety, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
                Justus-Liebig University, GERMANY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9950-6882
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2408-1725
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2602-517X
                Article
                PONE-D-21-28194
                10.1371/journal.pone.0263785
                8824354
                35134093
                67615136-984f-4ec5-bff5-888f018fe475
                © 2022 Becker et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 3 September 2021
                : 26 January 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 2, Pages: 21
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100005341, Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst;
                Award ID: ForDigitHealth
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Munich Centre for Health Sciences (MC-Health)
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Munich Centre for Health Sciences (MC-Health)
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Emerging Talents Initiative
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft;
                Award Recipient :
                This study is part of the research project "Identifikation biomedizinischer und gesundheitlicher Wirkweisen von positiven und negativen Auswirkungen von digitalem Stress und dessen Bewältigung“ [Identification of biomedical and health effects of positive and negative effects of digital stress and coping with it] which is part of the Bavarian Research Association on Healthy Use of Digital Technologies and Media (ForDigitHealth), funded by the Bavarian Ministry of Science and Arts. Linda Becker has been partly funded by the Emerging Talents Initiative of the Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg. Matthias Weigl and Dennis Nowak have been partly funded by the Munich Centre for Health Sciences (MC-Health). We acknowledge support by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) within the funding program Open Access Publishing. The funders had and will not have a role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Study Protocol
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Psychological Stress
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Psychological Stress
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Psychological Stress
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Body Fluids
                Saliva
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Body Fluids
                Saliva
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Body Fluids
                Saliva
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Anxiety
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Anxiety
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Mood Disorders
                Depression
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Hormones
                Lipid Hormones
                Cortisol
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Hormones
                Steroid Hormones
                Cortisol
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Immunology
                Immune System
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Immunology
                Immune System
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Cardiology
                Heart Rate
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Neuropsychiatric Disorders
                Anxiety Disorders
                Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Neuroses
                Anxiety Disorders
                Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

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