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      Respostas autonômicas cardíacas à manobra de tilt em adolescentes obesos Translated title: Cardiac autonomic responses to head-up tilt in obese adolescents

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          Abstract

          INTRODUÇÃO: A obesidade está associada às alterações do sistema nervoso autônomo. Estudos prévios em adultos têm mostrado que obesos apresentam resposta autonômica cardíaca diminuída frente a mudanças posturais. Contudo, pouco se sabe sobre o impacto do sobrepeso na adolescência quanto às respostas autonômicas ao estresse postural passivo. OBJETIVO: Comparar as respostas autonômicas cardíacas à manobra de tilt entre adolescentes obesos e não-obesos mediante análise da variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca (VFC). MÉTODOS: Quatorze adolescentes obesos (15,5±1,6 anos) foram comparados com 20 adolescentes não-obesos (15,4±0,8 anos). A modulação autonômica cardíaca foi estudada mediante análise da variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca de trechos de cinco minutos de registro de intervalos RR antes e depois da inclinação da mesa de tilt a 70º. A VFC foi estudada no domínio do tempo (DT) e no domínio da freqüência (DF). Os componentes espectrais foram estudados na baixa (LF) e na alta freqüência (HF) e pela razão LF/HF. RESULTADOS: Adolescentes obesos demonstraram menor HF em unidades normalizadas (38,2±11.1 vs 53,9±15,5, p<0,05) e maior LF em unidades normalizadas (60,7±11,3 vs 44,6±15,7, p<0,05) na posição supina. Nenhuma diferença foi encontrada nos parâmetros da VFC após a manobra de tilt. Ao comparar a diferença entre as posições ortostática e supino, os adolescentes obesos apresentaram menores mudanças de LF unidades normalizadas (22,4±12,6 vs 38±16,4, p<0,05) e HF unidades normalizadas (-21,9±12,4 vs _37,3±16,3, p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Adolescentes obesos apresentaram uma resposta autonômica cardíaca alterada frente ao estresse postural, caracterizada principalmente por uma hiporesponsividade vagal.

          Translated abstract

          INTRODUCTION: Obesity is associated with alterations of the autonomic nervous system. Previous studies in adults have shown that obese individuals present a decreased cardiac autonomic response to postural challenges. However, little is known about the impact of overweight on autonomic responses to passive postural stress in adolescents. OBJECTIVE: to compare cardiac autonomic responses to the head-up tilt maneuver between obese and non-obese adolescents by analyzing heart rate variability. METHODS: Fourteen obese adolescents (15.5±1.6 years) were compared with twenty non-obese subjects (15.4±0.8 years). Cardiac autonomic modulation was studied by heart rate variability (HRV) analysis of 5 minute RR interval recordings before and after a 70º head-up tilt maneuver. HRV was analyzed according to the time domain (TD) and frequency-domain (FD) methods. The power spectral components were studied at low (LF) and high (HF) frequencies and as the LF/HF ratio. RESULTS: Obese adolescents demonstrated significantly lower HF normalized units (38.2±11.1 vs 53.9±15.5, p<0.05) and higher LF normalized units (60.7±11.3 vs 44.6±15.7, p<0.05) in the supine position. No difference was found in any HRV parameters after head-up tilt. When comparing differences between the orthostatic and supine positions, obese adolescents showed lesser changes of LF normalized units (22.4±12.6 vs 38±16.4, p<0.05) and HF normalized units (-21.9±12.4 vs -37.3±16.3, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Obese adolescents have an abnormal cardiac autonomic response to the head-up tilt maneuver, characterized principally by a decreased parasympathetic response.

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          Childhood weight affects adult morbidity and mortality.

          W Dietz (1998)
          Few studies have examined the long-term effects of childhood obesity on adult disease. Nonetheless, obesity present in childhood or adolescence seems to increase the likelihood of adult morbidity and mortality. In men who were obese during adolescence, all-cause mortality and mortality from cardiovascular disease and colon cancer were increased. In both men and women obese during adolescence, rates of cardiovascular disease and diabetes were increased. Among women but not men obese during adolescence, obesity has a variety of adverse psychosocial consequences. These include completion of fewer years of education, higher rates of poverty, and lower rates of marriage and household income. These effects seem related both to the persistence of obesity and to the effects of childhood or adolescent obesity on the quantity and location of body fat deposition. Approximately 50% of obese adolescents with a body mass index at or above the 95th percentile become obese adults. Furthermore, the risk factors for adult disease that are associated with obesity in children and adolescents persist into adulthood or increase in prevalence if weight gain occurs. Although both total body fat and regional fat deposition could account for the association of childhood or adolescent obesity with adult disease, no studies to date have examined cardiovascular risk factors and related them to visceral fat, controlled for total body fat.
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            Extracting fractal components from time series

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              Heart rate variability as a clinical tool.

              Power spectrum analysis of cardiovascular signal variability, and in particular of the RR period (heart rate variability), is a widely used procedure for the investigation of autonomic cardiovascular control and/or target function impairment. However, a correct methodology is essential to extract the information embedded in the frequency domain. This article has the main purpose of proposing a still wider clinical use of the spectral methodology. Indeed, with this procedure the state of the sympathovagal balance modulating the sinus node pacemaker activity can be quantified in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Changes in the sympathovagal balance can be often detected in basal conditions; however, a reduced responsiveness to an excitatory stimulus is the most common feature that characterizes numerous pathophysiological states. Moreover, the attenuation of an oscillatory pattern or its impaired responsiveness to a given stimulus can also reflect an altered target function and thus can furnish interesting prognostic markers.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ramb
                Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira
                Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras.
                Associação Médica Brasileira (São Paulo )
                1806-9282
                October 2005
                : 51
                : 5
                : 256-260
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Estadual de Londrina Brazil
                Article
                S0104-42302005000500015
                10.1590/S0104-42302005000500015
                66d8e27a-0060-484b-addd-104bfd17bf1e

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0104-4230&lng=en
                Categories
                MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL

                Internal medicine
                Obesity,Adolescence,Autonomic Nervous System,Obesidade,Adolescência,Sistema nervoso autonômo

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