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      Trayectoria del desarrollo psicomotor según estado nutricional en niños alimentados con lactancia materna Translated title: Psychomotor development trajectories according to nutritional status in breastfed children

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          Abstract

          Resumen: Objetivo: Describir trayectorias del desarrollo psicomotor (DSM) y nutricionales en niños alimen tados con lactancia materna (LM) y evaluar asociaciones. Sujetos y Método: Cohorte prospectiva de lactantes nacidos a término, sin patologías conocidas, alimentados con LM predominante o exclu siva. La ingesta de LM se evaluó con técnica isotópica a los 3 meses. En 6 edades sucesivas se evaluó estado nutricional según índice de masa corporal (IMC) y DSM mediante Ages and Stages Question naire (ASQ-3). Se incluyeron niños con al menos 2 evaluaciones de seguimiento. Se realizó análisis multivariado de las trayectorias por dominio o área del DSM según IMC y LM, controlando por variables bio-socio-demográficas. Resultados: Ingresaron 53 niños (60% hombres), 76% eutróficos, 62% alimentados con LM exclusiva. Las trayectorias nutricionales y DSM fueron estables y en rango de normalidad, no hubo lactantes en rango de obesidad. En el análisis multivariado, en el dominio Comunicación, los niños con una trayectoria IMC normal con valores más altos y con LM exclu siva presentaron desarrollo superior (p = 0,049 y p = 0,032). En el área Resolución de Problemas, tener trayectorias de IMC normal con valores más altos se asoció a mejor trayectoria del desarrollo (p = 0,040). No se encontraron asociaciones significativas en las trayectorias de dominios motrices y nutricionales. Conclusión: Las trayectorias nutricionales y del DSM fueron estables y en rangos de normalidad. La LM exclusiva en comparación con la predominante se asoció con mejor trayectoria en Comunicación, mientras que tener valores altos de IMC dentro de la normalidad se asoció con mejor trayectoria en Comunicación y Resolución de Problemas.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: Objective: To describe psychomotor development (PMD) trajectories and nutrition in children fed with breastfeeding (BF) and to evaluate possible associations. Subjects and Method: Prospective co hort of full-term infants, without known pathologies, fed with BF. The intake of BF was evaluated with an isotopic technique at three months. At six successive ages, the nutritional status was evaluated according to the body mass index (BMI) for age and the PMD using the Ages and Stages Questionnai re (ASQ-3). Children who had at least two follow-up evaluations were included. Multivariate analysis of the trajectories by the PMD domain was performed according to BMI/A and BF, controlled by bio- socio-demographic variables. Results: 53 children were included (60% male), 76 % were eutrophic, and 62% and 38% were fed exclusively or predominantly with BF, respectively. The nutritional and PMD trajectories were stable and within the normal range; there were no infants in the obesity ran ge. In the multivariate analysis, the Communication domain was significantly associated with BMI (p = 0.049) and BF (p = 0.032). Problem Solving domain was associated with BMI (p = 0.040). No significant associations were found in the trajectories of motor and socio-individual domains. Con clusion: The nutritional trajectories and each PMD domains were stable and within normal ranges. Exclusive BF was associated with a better Communication trajectory, while the BMI was associated with better Communication and Problem-Solving.

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          Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect.

          The importance of breastfeeding in low-income and middle-income countries is well recognised, but less consensus exists about its importance in high-income countries. In low-income and middle-income countries, only 37% of children younger than 6 months of age are exclusively breastfed. With few exceptions, breastfeeding duration is shorter in high-income countries than in those that are resource-poor. Our meta-analyses indicate protection against child infections and malocclusion, increases in intelligence, and probable reductions in overweight and diabetes. We did not find associations with allergic disorders such as asthma or with blood pressure or cholesterol, and we noted an increase in tooth decay with longer periods of breastfeeding. For nursing women, breastfeeding gave protection against breast cancer and it improved birth spacing, and it might also protect against ovarian cancer and type 2 diabetes. The scaling up of breastfeeding to a near universal level could prevent 823,000 annual deaths in children younger than 5 years and 20,000 annual deaths from breast cancer. Recent epidemiological and biological findings from during the past decade expand on the known benefits of breastfeeding for women and children, whether they are rich or poor.
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            Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents

            OBJECTIVE: To construct growth curves for school-aged children and adolescents that accord with the WHO Child Growth Standards for preschool children and the body mass index (BMI) cut-offs for adults. METHODS: Data from the 1977 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)/WHO growth reference (1-24 years) were merged with data from the under-fives growth standards' cross-sectional sample (18-71 months) to smooth the transition between the two samples. State-of-the-art statistical methods used to construct the WHO Child Growth Standards (0-5 years), i.e. the Box-Cox power exponential (BCPE) method with appropriate diagnostic tools for the selection of best models, were applied to this combined sample. FINDINGS: The merged data sets resulted in a smooth transition at 5 years for height-for-age, weight-for-age and BMI-for-age. For BMI-for-age across all centiles the magnitude of the difference between the two curves at age 5 years is mostly 0.0 kg/m² to 0.1 kg/m². At 19 years, the new BMI values at +1 standard deviation (SD) are 25.4 kg/m² for boys and 25.0 kg/m² for girls. These values are equivalent to the overweight cut-off for adults (> 25.0 kg/m²). Similarly, the +2 SD value (29.7 kg/m² for both sexes) compares closely with the cut-off for obesity (> 30.0 kg/m²). CONCLUSION: The new curves are closely aligned with the WHO Child Growth Standards at 5 years, and the recommended adult cut-offs for overweight and obesity at 19 years. They fill the gap in growth curves and provide an appropriate reference for the 5 to 19 years age group.
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              Validity of the ages and stages questionnaires in term and preterm infants.

              This study assessed the concurrent validity of the parent-completed developmental screening measure Ages and Stages Questionnaires, Third Edition (ASQ-3) compared with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (Bayley-III) in children born term, late preterm, or extremely preterm at 8, 18, or 30 months of corrected gestational ages (CGA). Data were collected from 306 term and preterm children ages 8, 18, and 30 months' CGA recruited from an ambulatory well-child clinic in Santiago, Chile. Parents completed the ASQ-3 in their homes, and afterward a trained professional administered the Bayley-III in a clinic setting. On the ASQ-3, the presence of any domain screened <2 SDs below the mean area score was considered a positive screen (indicating failure or delay). A Bayley-III score less than ≤1 SD indicated mild or severe delay. ASQ-3 showed adequate psychometric properties (75% sensitivity and 81% specificity) and modest agreement with the Bayley-III (r = 0.56). Sensitivity, specificity, and correlations between measures improved with testing age and in children who were born extremely preterm. Considering its psychometric properties, the ASQ-3 can be recommended for routine use in screening low-risk children at 8, 18, and 30 months' CGA and is advisable to be included in follow-up programs for children with biological risk factors such as those born preterm.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                andesped
                Andes pediatrica
                Andes pediatr.
                Sociedad Chilena de Pediatría. (Santiago, , Chile )
                2452-6053
                August 2022
                : 93
                : 4
                : 535-542
                Affiliations
                [1] Santiago Santiago de Chile orgnameUniversidad de Chile orgdiv1Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA) Chile
                [3] Temuco Araucanía orgnameUniversidad de La Frontera orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Chile
                [2] Santiago Santiago de Chile orgnameUniversidad del Desarrollo orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Chile
                [4] Santiago Santiago de Chile orgnameUniversidad de Chile orgdiv1Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA) Chile
                Article
                S2452-60532022000400535 S2452-6053(22)09300400535
                10.32641/andespediatr.v93i4.4107
                66cb0a43-6735-4ce9-87d8-84ed923b804c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 27 October 2021
                : 10 March 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Categories
                Artículos originales

                Desarrollo Infantil,Nutritional Status,Breast Feeding,Body Mass Index,Child Development,Estado Nutricional,Lactancia Materna,Índice de Masa Corporal

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