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      Enfermedades mitocondriales y urolitiasis: ¿Existe alguna relación? Revisión de la literatura a propósito de 2 casos Translated title: Mitochondrial diseases and urolithiasis: Is there an association? Literature review about 2 cases

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN La urolitiasis corresponde a la formación de cálculos en la vía urinaria. Es un trastorno metabólico multifactorial, su formación está relacionada con el estrés oxidativo y los procesos inflamatorios. La mitocondria por su parte es un organelo intracelular que cumple un rol en la regulación del estrés oxidativo intracelular y en la homeostasis del calcio intracelular, ambos procesos relacionados con la urolitiasis. Las enfermedades mitocondriales son patologías diversas que comprometen a distintos órganos, entre ellos el sistema urinario. Materiales: Se presentan dos casos de pacientes con enfermedades mitocondriales en estudio que debutan con síntomas urinarios con shock séptico originado por una ureterolitiasis complicada con infección urinaria. Resultados: En la literatura se han propuesto distintos mecanismos fisiopatológicos que relacionan las distintas enfermedades mitocondriales con la presencia de urolitiasis. Los dividimos en mecanismos de daño directo, es decir, la mitocondria disfuncional actuaría activamente en la formación de urolitiasis y en daño indirecto, en que las consecuencias de las enfermedades mitocondriales en los órganos urinarios serían responsables de la litiasis. Discusión: Existen diversos reportes de pacientes que han sido estudiados por urolitiasis en contexto de enfermedades mitocondriales. Dentro de ellos se recogen las posibles asociaciones fisiopatológicas reportadas. Conclusión: Las enfermedades mitocondriales son parte de un grupo de patologías cuyas características no han sido estudiadas por completo. Tienen una relación compleja con la urolitiasis, a pesar de no haber podido demostrar causalidad. Estudiarlas en este ámbito abriría una puerta a nuevos tratamientos y prevención.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Urolithiasis corresponds to the formation of stones in the urinary tract. It is a multifactorial metabolic disorder; its formation is related to oxidative stress and inflammatory processes. The mitochondria, for its part, is an intracellular organelle that plays a role in the regulation of intracellular oxidative stress and intracellular calcium homeostasis, both processes related to urolithiasis. Mitochondrial diseases are diverse pathologies that compromise different organs, including the urinary system. Materials: Two cases of patients with mitochondrial diseases under study are presented who debuted with urinary symptoms with septic shock caused by a ureterolithiasis complicated by urinary infection. Results: Different pathophysiological mechanisms have been proposed in the literature that relate the different mitochondrial diseases with the presence of urolithiasis. We divide them into direct damage mechanisms, that is, the dysfunctional mitochondria would act actively in the formation of urolithiasis, and indirect damage, in which the consequences of mitochondrial diseases in the urinary organs would be responsible for the lithiasis. Discussion: There are various reports of patients who have been studied for urolithiasis in the context of mitochondrial diseases. Among them, the possible pathophysiological associations reported are collected. Conclusion: Mitochondrial diseases are part of a group of pathologies whose characteristics have not been fully studied. They have a complex relationship with urolithiasis, despite not having been able to demonstrate causality. Studying them in this area would open a door to new treatments and prevention.

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          Most cited references29

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          Patient care standards for primary mitochondrial disease: a consensus statement from the Mitochondrial Medicine Society

          The purpose of this statement is to provide consensus-based recommendations for optimal management and care for patients with primary mitochondrial disease. This statement is intended for physicians who are engaged in the diagnosis and management of these patients. Working group members were appointed by the Mitochondrial Medicine Society. The panel included members with several different areas of expertise. The panel members utilized surveys and the Delphi method to reach consensus. We anticipate that this statement will need to be updated as the field continues to evolve. Consensus-based recommendations are provided for the routine care and management of patients with primary genetic mitochondrial disease.
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            North American white mitochondrial haplogroups in prostate and renal cancer.

            While the mitochondrion is known to be a key mediator of apoptosis, there has been little inquiry into the inheritance pattern of mitochondria in patients with cancer. We compared the mtDNA haplotype in patients with prostate and renal cancer to that in controls to determine if there is an association between mitochondrial genotype and cancer. Haplotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction/digest identification of key polymorphic sites in the mitochondrial genome. A total of 121 and 221 white men with renal and prostate cancer, respectively, were identified following pathological confirmation of cancer, while 246 white controls were selected randomly from a bank of cadaveric organ donor DNA. Statistical analysis was performed and ORs were calculated. Mitochondrial haplogroup U was a highly significant risk factor for prostate and renal cancer vs controls (16.74% and 20.66% vs 9.35%, Fisher's exact test p = 0.019 and 0.005, respectively). The association remained statistically significant in renal cancer even after Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons. Haplogroup U carried an OR of 1.95 for prostate cancer and an OR of 2.52 for renal cancer. The inheritance of mitochondrial haplogroup U is associated with an approximately 2-fold increased risk of prostate cancer and 2.5-fold increased risk of renal cancer in white North American individuals. Therefore, individuals with this mitochondrial haplotype are in a high risk group. Because mitochondrial haplogroup U is found in 9.35% of the white United States population, there are more than 20 million individuals in this high risk group.
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              Renal manifestations of primary mitochondrial disorders.

              The aim of the present review was to summarize and discuss previous findings concerning renal manifestations of primary mitochondrial disorders (MIDs). A literature review was performed using frequently used databases. The study identified that primary MIDs frequently present as mitochondrial multiorgan disorder syndrome (MIMODS) at onset or in the later course of the MID. Occasionally, the kidneys are affected in MIDs. Renal manifestations of MIDs include renal insufficiency, nephrolithiasis, nephrotic syndrome, renal cysts, renal tubular acidosis, Bartter-like syndrome, Fanconi syndrome, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial nephritis, nephrocalcinosis, and benign or malign neoplasms. Among the syndromic MIDs, renal involvement has been most frequently reported in patients with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes syndrome, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, Leigh syndrome and mitochondrial depletion syndromes. Only in single cases was renal involvement also reported in chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, Pearson syndrome, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, coenzyme-Q deficiency, X-linked sideroblastic anemia and ataxia, myopathy, lactic acidosis, and sideroblastic anemia, pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency, growth retardation, aminoaciduria, cholestasis, iron overload, lactacidosis, and early death, and hyperuricemia, pulmonary hypertension, renal failure in infancy and alkalosis syndrome. The present study proposes that the frequency of renal involvement in MIDs is probably underestimated. Diagnosis of renal involvement follows general guidelines and treatment is symptomatic. Thus, renal manifestations of primary MIDs require recognition and appropriate management, as they determine the outcome of MID patients.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rmc
                Revista médica de Chile
                Rev. méd. Chile
                Sociedad Médica de Santiago (Santiago, , Chile )
                0034-9887
                January 2024
                : 152
                : 1
                : 111-118
                Affiliations
                [1] Santiago orgnameUniversidad Católica de Chile orgdiv1Departamento de Urología Chile
                [2] Santiago orgnameUniversidad Católica de Chile orgdiv1Escuela de Medicina Chile
                Article
                S0034-98872024000100111 S0034-9887(24)15200100111
                10.4067/s0034-98872024000100111
                660cdb61-7e33-49b4-8b8a-641ecd09a916

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 12 October 2022
                : 12 March 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Chile


                Mitochondrial Diseases,Enfermedades Mitocondriales,Nefrolitiasis,Oxalato de calcio,Radicales libres,Urolitiasis,Nephrolithiasis,Free Radicals,Urolithiasis,Calcium Oxalate

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