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      The relationships between empathy and social behaviours in middle childhood Translated title: Associações entre a empatia e os comportamentos sociais em crianças

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          Abstract

          Abstract: Concern for others’ welfare is part of normative development. However, some children respond to others’ distress with concern and helpful approaches, while others respond with suspicion, hostility, indifference. Although the literature around empathy has increased over the years, there isn’t a consensus over its associations with prosociality and internalizing or externalizing problems. A sample of 199 children (50.8% girls) between 10 and 15 years (M=12.05; SD=0.98), reported on their empathy and social behaviours using the QACE - Questionnaire to Assess Affective and Cognitive Empathy (Zoll & Enz, 2010) and the SDQ - Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (Goodman, 1997) respectively. Our results indicate that girls were more prosocial and empathic, but also presented higher levels of internalizing problems, compared to boys. Affective but not cognitive empathy was related with internalizing problems. Cognitive empathy was significantly related with prosocial behaviour. No significant relations between empathy and externalizing behaviours were found.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo: A preocupação com o bem-estar dos outros faz parte do desenvolvimento normativo. Contudo, enquanto algumas crianças respondem à angústia dos outros com preocupação e ajuda, outras respondem com suspeita, hostilidade e indiferença. Embora a literatura em torno da empatia tenha aumentado nos últimos anos, ainda não há consenso no que respeita as suas associações com a pró-socialidade, com problemas internalizantes ou externalizantes. Numa amostra de 199 crianças (50,8% meninas) entre os 10 e os 15 anos (M=12.05; DP=0.98), foram reportados a empatia e os comportamentos sociais através do QACE - Questionnaire to Assess Affective and Cognitive Empathy (Zoll & Enz, 2010). e o SDQ - Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (Goodman, 1997), respetivamente. Os resultados indicam as raparigas como mais pró-sociais e empáticas, mas também com níveis mais elevados de problemas internalizantes, em comparação com os rapazes. A empatia afetiva, mas não cognitiva, foi relacionada com problemas internalizantes. A empatia cognitiva foi significativamente relacionada com o comportamento pró-social. Não foram encontradas relações significativas entre empatia e comportamentos externalizantes.

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          Most cited references84

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          The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A Research Note

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            Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach.

            Mark Davis (1983)
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              The neural substrate of human empathy: effects of perspective-taking and cognitive appraisal.

              Whether observation of distress in others leads to empathic concern and altruistic motivation, or to personal distress and egoistic motivation, seems to depend upon the capacity for self-other differentiation and cognitive appraisal. In this experiment, behavioral measures and event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging were used to investigate the effects of perspective-taking and cognitive appraisal while participants observed the facial expression of pain resulting from medical treatment. Video clips showing the faces of patients were presented either with the instruction to imagine the feelings of the patient ("imagine other") or to imagine oneself to be in the patient's situation ("imagine self"). Cognitive appraisal was manipulated by providing information that the medical treatment had or had not been successful. Behavioral measures demonstrated that perspective-taking and treatment effectiveness instructions affected participants' affective responses to the observed pain. Hemodynamic changes were detected in the insular cortices, anterior medial cingulate cortex (aMCC), amygdala, and in visual areas including the fusiform gyrus. Graded responses related to the perspective-taking instructions were observed in middle insula, aMCC, medial and lateral premotor areas, and selectively in left and right parietal cortices. Treatment effectiveness resulted in signal changes in the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex, in the ventromedial orbito-frontal cortex, in the right lateral middle frontal gyrus, and in the cerebellum. These findings support the view that humans' responses to the pain of others can be modulated by cognitive and motivational processes, which influence whether observing a conspecific in need of help will result in empathic concern, an important instigator for helping behavior.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                aps
                Análise Psicológica
                Aná. Psicológica
                ISPA-Instituto Universitário (Lisboa, , Portugal )
                0870-8231
                1646-6020
                December 2023
                : 41
                : 2
                : 207-220
                Affiliations
                [1] Lisboa orgnameInstituto Universitário de Lisboa orgdiv1William James Centre for Research Portugal
                Article
                S0870-82312023000200207 S0870-8231(23)04100200207
                10.14417/ap.1996
                65a50a5f-28c2-4a8a-855c-636f20b26398

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 25 July 2022
                : 19 June 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 84, Pages: 14
                Product

                SciELO Portugal


                Comportamentos pró-sociais.,Comportamentos externalizantes,Empathy,Internalizing behaviours,Externalizing behaviours,Comportamentos internalizantes,Prosocial behaviours.,Empatia

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