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      El glifosato (Roundup®) y Cosmoflux® 411F inducen estrés oxidativo en cachama blanca (Piaractus brachypomus) Translated title: Glifosato (Roundup®) e Cosmoflux® 411F induzir estresse oxidativo em pacu (Piaractusbrachypomus) Translated title: Glyphosate (Roundup®) and Cosmoflux® 411F induce oxidative stress in red-bellied pacu (Piaractus brachypomus)

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          Abstract

          En la actualidad existe evidencia de los efectos deletéreos de la exposición de diferentes especies animales a xenobióticos, incluyendo herbicidas, pesticidas y plaguicidas.. En la literatura se han descrito los efectos de herbicidas tales como el glifosato en sistemas orgánicos como el respiratorio y el tegumentario en peces, sin embargo, reportes acerca del efecto de dichos productos en el sistema inmune de animales acuáticos son tan escasos como necesarios. La alteración de la dinámica y equilibrio de la respuesta inmune pudiera estar generando efectos importantes sobre la capacidad del pez para sobrevivir en el medio. El presente trabajo evaluó el efecto del glifosato (Roundup®) y surfactantes acompañantes (Cosmoflux® 411F), sobre el estado oxidativode la cachama blanca (Piaractus brachypomus) en un periodo de 14 días de exposición crónica subletal. Se evidenció que el glifosato(Roundup®) así como la mezcla de este con el surfactante induce aumento de la actividad oxidativa (estrés oxidativo) en los animales expuestos. Estos efectos fueron mayores cuando se expusieron a la mezcla atribuyendo un efecto importante al surfactante. De la misma manera el artículo se aproxima al soporte fisiopatológico de estos hallazgos.

          Translated abstract

          Actualmente, não existe evidência de efeitos deletérios da exposição xenobióticos (incluindo herbicidas, pesticidas, etc) em diversas espécies animais. Efeitos do glifosato em sistemas orgânicos, tais como as vias respiratórias e tegumentar têm sido descritos, no entanto, os efeitos deste tipo de xenobióticos sobre o sistema imune de animais não-alvo, incluindo os animais aquáticos são tão escassos que for necessário. Alterações dinâmicas e equilíbrio da resposta imunitária poderia ser provocando efeitos importantes sobre a capacidade de peixe para sobreviver no ambiente desafio. O presente trabalho avaliou o efeito de glifosato (Roundup®) e surfactantes (agregado Cosmoflux® 411F), sobre o estado oxidativo de Cachama blanca (Piaractusbrachypomus) em um período de 14 dias de exposição subletal crônica. Era evidente que Roundup®, assim como a sua mistura com um agente tensioactivo induzir um aumento na actividade oxidativa (stress oxidativo) nos animais expostos. Estes efeitos foram mais elevados em animais expostos à mistura de Roundup® por si só, dar um importante papel de agente tensioactivo sobre o efeito. Da mesma forma, o artigo aborda a apoio fisiopatológico dessas descobertas.

          Translated abstract

          Currently, there is evidence of deleterious effects of xenobiotic exposure (including herbicides, pesticides and plaguicides) in several animal species. Effects of glyphosate on organic systems such as respiratory and tegumentary system have been described; however, the effects of this kind of xenobiotics on immune system of non-target animals, including aquatic animals are as scarce as necessary. Dynamic and equilibrium alterations of the immune response could be eliciting important effects on ability of fish to survive in the environment challenge. This current work assessed the effect of glyphosate (Roundup®) and added surfactants (Cosmoflux® 411F), on oxidative status of red-bellied pacu (Piaractus brachypomus) in a 14-day period of chronic sublethal exposure. It was evident that glyphosate Roundup® as well as its mixture with surfactant induce an increase on oxidative activity (oxidative stress) in exposed animals. These effects were higher in animal exposed to the mixture than Roundup® alone, giving an important role of surfactant on the effect. In the same way, article approaches to pathophysiological support of these findings.

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          Most cited references129

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          Glutathione metabolism and its implications for health.

          Glutathione (gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine; GSH) is the most abundant low-molecular-weight thiol, and GSH/glutathione disulfide is the major redox couple in animal cells. The synthesis of GSH from glutamate, cysteine, and glycine is catalyzed sequentially by two cytosolic enzymes, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and GSH synthetase. Compelling evidence shows that GSH synthesis is regulated primarily by gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase activity, cysteine availability, and GSH feedback inhibition. Animal and human studies demonstrate that adequate protein nutrition is crucial for the maintenance of GSH homeostasis. In addition, enteral or parenteral cystine, methionine, N-acetyl-cysteine, and L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate are effective precursors of cysteine for tissue GSH synthesis. Glutathione plays important roles in antioxidant defense, nutrient metabolism, and regulation of cellular events (including gene expression, DNA and protein synthesis, cell proliferation and apoptosis, signal transduction, cytokine production and immune response, and protein glutathionylation). Glutathione deficiency contributes to oxidative stress, which plays a key role in aging and the pathogenesis of many diseases (including kwashiorkor, seizure, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, liver disease, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, HIV, AIDS, cancer, heart attack, stroke, and diabetes). New knowledge of the nutritional regulation of GSH metabolism is critical for the development of effective strategies to improve health and to treat these diseases.
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            Safety evaluation and risk assessment of the herbicide Roundup and its active ingredient, glyphosate, for humans.

            Reviews on the safety of glyphosate and Roundup herbicide that have been conducted by several regulatory agencies and scientific institutions worldwide have concluded that there is no indication of any human health concern. Nevertheless, questions regarding their safety are periodically raised. This review was undertaken to produce a current and comprehensive safety evaluation and risk assessment for humans. It includes assessments of glyphosate, its major breakdown product [aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA)], its Roundup formulations, and the predominant surfactant [polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA)] used in Roundup formulations worldwide. The studies evaluated in this review included those performed for regulatory purposes as well as published research reports. The oral absorption of glyphosate and AMPA is low, and both materials are eliminated essentially unmetabolized. Dermal penetration studies with Roundup showed very low absorption. Experimental evidence has shown that neither glyphosate nor AMPA bioaccumulates in any animal tissue. No significant toxicity occurred in acute, subchronic, and chronic studies. Direct ocular exposure to the concentrated Roundup formulation can result in transient irritation, while normal spray dilutions cause, at most, only minimal effects. The genotoxicity data for glyphosate and Roundup were assessed using a weight-of-evidence approach and standard evaluation criteria. There was no convincing evidence for direct DNA damage in vitro or in vivo, and it was concluded that Roundup and its components do not pose a risk for the production of heritable/somatic mutations in humans. Multiple lifetime feeding studies have failed to demonstrate any tumorigenic potential for glyphosate. Accordingly, it was concluded that glyphosate is noncarcinogenic. Glyphosate, AMPA, and POEA were not teratogenic or developmentally toxic. There were no effects on fertility or reproductive parameters in two multigeneration reproduction studies with glyphosate. Likewise there were no adverse effects in reproductive tissues from animals treated with glyphosate, AMPA, or POEA in chronic and/or subchronic studies. Results from standard studies with these materials also failed to show any effects indicative of endocrine modulation. Therefore, it is concluded that the use of Roundup herbicide does not result in adverse effects on development, reproduction, or endocrine systems in humans and other mammals. For purposes of risk assessment, no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) were identified for all subchronic, chronic, developmental, and reproduction studies with glyphosate, AMPA, and POEA. Margins-of-exposure for chronic risk were calculated for each compound by dividing the lowest applicable NOAEL by worst-case estimates of chronic exposure. Acute risks were assessed by comparison of oral LD50 values to estimated maximum acute human exposure. It was concluded that, under present and expected conditions of use, Roundup herbicide does not pose a health risk to humans.
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              Melano-macrophage centres and their role in fish pathology

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rori
                ORINOQUIA
                Orinoquia
                Instituto de Investigaciones de la Orinoquia Colombiana (Meta, Villavicencio, Colombia )
                0121-3709
                December 2012
                : 16
                : suppl 1
                : 162-176
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameUniversidad del Tolima orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia orgdiv2Departamento de Sanidad Animal isrondon@ 123456ut.edu.co
                [02] orgnameInstituto de Acuicultura de los Llanos orgdiv1Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad de Organismos Acuáticos
                [03] orgnameGrupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas
                Article
                S0121-37092012000300003 S0121-3709(12)01600003
                6557a7fe-4f4b-4a8a-b46a-c8d8cc94c58e

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 79, Pages: 15
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                SciELO Colombia

                Categories
                Ciencias Agrarias

                inmunotoxicología,glifosato,estrés oxidativo,Cosmoflux® 411F,Cachama blanca,immunotoxicology,glyphosate,oxidative stress,imunotoxicologia,o glifosato,estresse oxidativo

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