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      Medicinal Plants for Viral Respiratory Diseases: A Systematic Review on Persian Medicine

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          Many medicinal plants have been introduced in Persian medicine references for various respiratory disorders. Considering the growing interest in herbal medicines, this review aimed to introduce medicinal herbs recommended by Persian Medicine (PM) references for respiratory diseases and to discuss their activity against respiratory viruses.

          Methods

          The medicinal plants recommended for respiratory disorders were extracted from the main PM textbooks. Subsequently, their activity against respiratory viruses was systematically investigated via queries of scientific databases.

          Results

          Searching PM references for medicinal plants used in the management of respiratory disorders yielded 45 results. Of them, 18 possess antiviral activity against respiratory viruses. There were 29 in vitro studies (including studies on human cell lines) and 5 in vivo studies.

          Conclusion

          This research demonstrated that many of the medicinal plants mentioned for the respiratory diseases in PM have considerable activity against respiratory viruses. However, human studies regarding the reported medicinal plants are scarce.

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          Most cited references82

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          COVID‐19 diagnosis and management: a comprehensive review

          Giuseppe Pascarella, Alessandro Strumia, Chiara Piliego … (2020)
          Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV)‐2, a novel coronavirus from the same family as SARS‐CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, has spread worldwide leading the World Health Organization to declare a pandemic. The disease caused by SARS‐CoV‐2, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), presents flu‐like symptoms which can become serious in high‐risk individuals. Here, we provide an overview of the known clinical features and treatment options for COVID‐19. We carried out a systematic literature search using the main online databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, UpToDate, Embase and Web of Science) with the following keywords: ‘COVID‐19’, ‘2019‐nCoV’, ‘coronavirus’ and ‘SARS‐CoV‐2’. We included publications from 1 January 2019 to 3 April 2020 which focused on clinical features and treatments. We found that infection is transmitted from human to human and through contact with contaminated environmental surfaces. Hand hygiene is fundamental to prevent contamination. Wearing personal protective equipment is recommended in specific environments. The main symptoms of COVID‐19 are fever, cough, fatigue, slight dyspnoea, sore throat, headache, conjunctivitis and gastrointestinal issues. Real‐time PCR is used as a diagnostic tool using nasal swab, tracheal aspirate or bronchoalveolar lavage samples. Computed tomography findings are important for both diagnosis and follow‐up. To date, there is no evidence of any effective treatment for COVID‐19. The main therapies being used to treat the disease are antiviral drugs, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine and respiratory therapy. In conclusion, although many therapies have been proposed, quarantine is the only intervention that appears to be effective in decreasing the contagion rate. Specifically designed randomized clinical trials are needed to determine the most appropriate evidence‐based treatment modality.
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            Understanding of COVID‐19 based on current evidence

            Pengfei Sun, Xiaosheng Lu, Chao Xu … (2020)
            Abstract Since December 2019, a series of unexplained pneumonia cases have been reported in Wuhan, China. On 12 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) temporarily named this new virus as the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019‐nCoV). On 11 February 2020, the WHO officially named the disease caused by the 2019‐nCoV as coronavirus disease (COVID‐19). The COVID‐19 epidemic is spreading all over the world, especially in China. Based on the published evidence, we systematically discuss the characteristics of COVID‐19 in the hope of providing a reference for future studies and help for the prevention and control of the COVID‐19 epidemic.
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              Glycyrrhizin, an active component of liquorice roots, and replication of SARS-associated coronavirus

              J Cinatl, B. Morgenstern, G. Bauer … (2003)
              Summary The outbreak of SARS warrants the search for antiviral compounds to treat the disease. At present, no specific treatment has been identified for SARS-associated coronavirus infection. We assessed the antiviral potential of ribavirin, 6-azauridine, pyrazofurin, mycophenolic acid, and glycyrrhizin against two clinical isolates of coronavirus (FFM-1 and FFM-2) from patients with SARS admitted to the clinical centre of Frankfurt University, Germany. Of all the compounds, glycyrrhizin was the most active in inhibiting replication of the SARS-associated virus. Our findings suggest that glycyrrhizin should be assessed for treatment of SARS.
              Article 0 comments Cited 267 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Mohammad Javad Raee:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2306-1773
                Mohammad Hashem Hashempur:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6700-9304
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ECAM
                Title: Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM
                Publisher: Hindawi
                ISSN (Print): 1741-427X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1741-4288
                Publication date Collection: 2023
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 February 2023
                Publication date PMC-release: 10 February 2023
                Volume: 2023
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1928310
                Affiliations
                1Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
                2Department of Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
                3Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
                4K. G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (The First Cossack University), 73 Zemlyanoy Val, Moscow 109004, Russia
                5Kazakh Research Institute of Processing and Food Industry, Semey Branch of the Institute, 238«G» Gagarin Ave., Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan
                6Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
                7Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
                8Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Department of Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Yufeng Zhang

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0124-0092
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2306-1773
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6700-9304
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2023/1928310
                PMC ID: 9937752
                SO-VID: 651735d0-53c7-473e-b679-ab42528b897d
                Copyright © Copyright © 2023 Mahdie Hajimonfarednejad et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 7 July 2022
                Date revision received : 23 October 2022
                Date accepted : 25 January 2023
                Funding
                Funded by: Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
                Award ID: 99-01-106-22159
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Complementary & Alternative medicine
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Complementary & Alternative medicine

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