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      Características mamográficas do câncer de mama associadas aos polimorfismos GSTM1 e GSTT1 Translated title: Polymorphisms GSTM1 and GSTT1 and sporadic breast cancer mammographic features

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          Abstract

          INTRODUÇÃO: As enzimas do sistema da glutationa S-transferase (GST) modulam os efeitos da exposição a vários agentes citotóxicos e genotóxicos. Os genes GSTM1 e GSTT1 são polimórficos em humanos e suas deleções têm sido associadas ao aumento do risco de várias neoplasias, dentre elas o câncer de mama. OBJETIVO: Comparar a freqüência das deleções dos genes GSTM1 e GSTT1 em mulheres sadias e com câncer de mama e comparar as características mamográficas do câncer entre mulheres portadoras e não portadoras das referidas deleções. MÉTODOS: Foram determinadas as freqüências das referidas deleções por PCR em 100 pacientes portadoras de câncer de mama esporádico tratadas de setembro de 2004 a junho de 2005 e em 169 mulheres sadias doadoras de sangue no mesmo período e comparadas através do odds ratio (OR) com seus respectivos IC 95%. Foram revistos os prontuários e as mamografias das pacientes com câncer e avaliadas características mamográficas (padrão de distribuição do parênquima fibro-glandular, achados mamográficos ao diagnóstico e classificação BI-RADS), correlacionando-as às deleções gênicas através do cálculo da RP (razão de prevalência) com seus respectivos IC 95%. RESULTADOS: O GSTM1 esteve deletado em 40% dos cânceres e em 44,4% dos controles (OR=1,20; IC 95% 0,70-2,04; p=0,5659) enquanto o GSTT1 em 20% e 19,5%, respectivamente (OR=0,73; IC 0,37-1,44; p=0,4124). O padrão mamográfico denso esteve associado à deleção homozigótica do GSTM1 (RP= 2,43; IC 1,11-4,08). Não se observou associação entre as deleções do sistema GST e achados mamográficos ao diagnóstico e classificação BI-RADS. CONCLUSÃO: A deleção homozigótica do gene GSTM1 associou-se ao padrão mamográfico denso.

          Translated abstract

          INTRODUCTION: Enzymes of the Glutathione S-transferase system (GST) modulate the effects of exposure to several cytotoxic and genotoxic agents. The GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes are polymorphic in humans and their deletions have been associated to increased risk of many cancers, including breast cancer. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the occurrence of homozygous deletions of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes in women with sporadic breast cancer and in women without cancer and to compare breast cancer mammographic features between patients with and without these deletions. METHODS: The study evaluated 100 patients with sporadic breast cancer treated from September 2004 to June 2005 and 169 women without cancer, determining the frequency of the above-mentioned deletions by PCR and calculating the odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals. Medical files and mammograms of 100 patients with breast cancer were evaluated and correlated with mammographic features such as density, mammographic findings and the BI-RADS classification. These findings were correlated with the genetic deletions by the PR (Prevalence-Ratio) with their respective 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: The GSTM1 gene was deleted in 40% of the cancers and in 44.4% of controls (OR = 1.20; CI 95% 0.70 - 2.04; p=0.5659) while the GSTT1 gene was deleted in 20% and 19.5%, respectively (OR = 0.73; CI 95% 0.37-1.44; p=0.4124). High mammographic density had been associated with GSTM1 deletion (PR 2.43; CI 1.11 to 4.08). GST deletions were not associated with predominant mammographic findings and the BI-RADS classification. CONCLUSION: GSTM1 homozygous deletion was associated with high mammographic density.

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          Mammographic density and the risk and detection of breast cancer.

          Extensive mammographic density is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer and makes the detection of cancer by mammography difficult, but the influence of density on risk according to method of cancer detection is unknown. We carried out three nested case-control studies in screened populations with 1112 matched case-control pairs. We examined the association of the measured percentage of density in the baseline mammogram with risk of breast cancer, according to method of cancer detection, time since the initiation of screening, and age. As compared with women with density in less than 10% of the mammogram, women with density in 75% or more had an increased risk of breast cancer (odds ratio, 4.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.0 to 7.4), whether detected by screening (odds ratio, 3.5; 95% CI, 2.0 to 6.2) or less than 12 months after a negative screening examination (odds ratio, 17.8; 95% CI, 4.8 to 65.9). Increased risk of breast cancer, whether detected by screening or other means, persisted for at least 8 years after study entry and was greater in younger than in older women. For women younger than the median age of 56 years, 26% of all breast cancers and 50% of cancers detected less than 12 months after a negative screening test were attributable to density in 50% or more of the mammogram. Extensive mammographic density is strongly associated with the risk of breast cancer detected by screening or between screening tests. A substantial fraction of breast cancers can be attributed to this risk factor. Copyright 2007 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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            The glutathione S-transferase supergene family: regulation of GST and the contribution of the isoenzymes to cancer chemoprotection and drug resistance.

            The glutathione S-transferases (GST) represent a major group of detoxification enzymes. All eukaryotic species possess multiple cytosolic and membrane-bound GST isoenzymes, each of which displays distinct catalytic as well as noncatalytic binding properties: the cytosolic enzymes are encoded by at least five distantly related gene families (designated class alpha, mu, pi, sigma, and theta GST), whereas the membrane-bound enzymes, microsomal GST and leukotriene C4 synthetase, are encoded by single genes and both have arisen separately from the soluble GST. Evidence suggests that the level of expression of GST is a crucial factor in determining the sensitivity of cells to a broad spectrum of toxic chemicals. In this article the biochemical functions of GST are described to show how individual isoenzymes contribute to resistance to carcinogens, antitumor drugs, environmental pollutants, and products of oxidative stress. A description of the mechanisms of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of GST isoenzymes is provided to allow identification of factors that may modulate resistance to specific noxious chemicals. The most abundant mammalian GST are the class alpha, mu, and pi enzymes and their regulation has been studied in detail. The biological control of these families is complex as they exhibit sex-, age-, tissue-, species-, and tumor-specific patterns of expression. In addition, GST are regulated by a structurally diverse range of xenobiotics and, to date, at least 100 chemicals have been identified that induce GST; a significant number of these chemical inducers occur naturally and, as they are found as nonnutrient components in vegetables and citrus fruits, it is apparent that humans are likely to be exposed regularly to such compounds. Many inducers, but not all, effect transcriptional activation of GST genes through either the antioxidant-responsive element (ARE), the xenobiotic-responsive element (XRE), the GST P enhancer 1(GPE), or the glucocorticoid-responsive element (GRE). Barbiturates may transcriptionally activate GST through a Barbie box element. The involvement of the Ah-receptor, Maf, Nrl, Jun, Fos, and NF-kappa B in GST induction is discussed. Many of the compounds that induce GST are themselves substrates for these enzymes, or are metabolized (by cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases) to compounds that can serve as GST substrates, suggesting that GST induction represents part of an adaptive response mechanism to chemical stress caused by electrophiles. It also appears probable that GST are regulated in vivo by reactive oxygen species (ROS), because not only are some of the most potent inducers capable of generating free radicals by redox-cycling, but H2O2 has been shown to induce GST in plant and mammalian cells: induction of GST by ROS would appear to represent an adaptive response as these enzymes detoxify some of the toxic carbonyl-, peroxide-, and epoxide-containing metabolites produced within the cell by oxidative stress. Class alpha, mu, and pi GST isoenzymes are overexpressed in rat hepatic preneoplastic nodules and the increased levels of these enzymes are believed to contribute to the multidrug-resistant phenotype observed in these lesions. The majority of human tumors and human tumor cell lines express significant amounts of class pi GST. Cell lines selected in vitro for resistance to anticancer drugs frequently overexpress class pi GST, although overexpression of class alpha and mu isoenzymes is also often observed. The mechanisms responsible for overexpression of GST include transcriptional activation, stabilization of either mRNA or protein, and gene amplification. In humans, marked interindividual differences exist in the expression of class alpha, mu, and theta GST. The molecular basis for the variation in class alpha GST is not known. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
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              A systematic review of genetic polymorphisms and breast cancer risk.

              Studies investigating the relationship between common genetic variants and cancer risk are being reported with rapidly increasing frequency. We have identified 46 published case-control studies that have examined the effect of common alleles of 18 different genes on breast cancer risk. Of these, 12 report statistically significant associations, none of which were reported by more than one study. However, many of the studies were small: 10 of the 46 had 80% power or greater to detect a rare allele homozygote relative risk 1.5). Precise estimation of the risks associated with these and other as yet untested genes, as well as investigation of more complex risks arising from gene-gene and gene-environment interactions, will require much larger studies.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ramb
                Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira
                Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras.
                Associação Médica Brasileira (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0104-4230
                1806-9282
                February 2008
                : 54
                : 1
                : 61-66
                Affiliations
                [02] Campinas SP orgnameUNICAMP orgdiv1HEMOCENTRO
                [01] orgnameUNICAMP orgdiv1FCM orgdiv2Departamento de Tocoginecologia
                Article
                S0104-42302008000100022 S0104-4230(08)05400122
                10.1590/S0104-42302008000100022
                6513ba7b-ec22-4499-a851-7bb4932408f8

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 02 July 2007
                : 20 October 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Artigos Originais

                Mamografia,Glutathione S-transferase,GSTM1,GSTT1,Breastcancer,Mammography,Glutationa S-transferase,Câncer de mama

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