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      Biocontrol of Citrus Canker Disease Caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Using an Endophytic Bacillus thuringiensis

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          Abstract

          Citrus canker is a devastating disease of citrus caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri ( Xcc). A total of 134 endophytic bacteria were isolated from various gymnospermic and angiospermic plants. They were screened for their antagonistic activities against three wild-type and six streptomycin-resistant Xcc strains. TbL-22 and TbL-26, both later identified as Bacillus thuringiensis, inhibited all the wild and resistant Xcc strains. TbL-22 exerted the highest antagonistic activity against XccW3 and XccM6 with inhibition zones of 20.64 ± 0.69 and 19.91 ± 0.87 mm, respectively. Similarly ethyl acetate extract of TbL-22 showed highest inhibition zones 15.31 ± 2.08 and 19.37 ± 3.17 mm against XccW3 and XccM6, respectively. TbL-22 reduced canker incidence on infected leaves by 64.05% relative to positive controls. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the cell membranes of Xcc treated with ethyl acetate extract of TbL-22 were ruptured, lysed, and swollen. B. thuringiensis TbL-22 can effectively and sustainably controls streptomycin-resistant citrus canker.

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          Bacillus thuringiensis and its pesticidal crystal proteins.

          During the past decade the pesticidal bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis has been the subject of intensive research. These efforts have yielded considerable data about the complex relationships between the structure, mechanism of action, and genetics of the organism's pesticidal crystal proteins, and a coherent picture of these relationships is beginning to emerge. Other studies have focused on the ecological role of the B. thuringiensis crystal proteins, their performance in agricultural and other natural settings, and the evolution of resistance mechanisms in target pests. Armed with this knowledge base and with the tools of modern biotechnology, researchers are now reporting promising results in engineering more-useful toxins and formulations, in creating transgenic plants that express pesticidal activity, and in constructing integrated management strategies to insure that these products are utilized with maximum efficiency and benefit.
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            The rhizosphere as a reservoir for opportunistic human pathogenic bacteria.

            During the last years, the number of human infections caused by opportunistic pathogens has increased dramatically. One natural reservoir of opportunistic pathogens is the rhizosphere, the zone around roots that is influenced by the plant. Due to a high content of nutrients, this habitat is a 'microbial hot-spot', where bacterial abundances including those with strong antagonistic traits are enhanced. Various bacterial genera, including Burkholderia, Enterobacter, Herbaspirillum, Ochrobactrum, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Staphylococcus and Stenotrophomonas, contain root-associated strains that can encounter bivalent interactions with both plant and human hosts. Mechanisms responsible for colonization of the rhizosphere and antagonistic activity against plant pathogens are similar to those responsible for colonization of human organs and tissues, and pathogenicity. Multiple resistances against antibiotics are not only found with clinical strains but also with strains isolated from the rhizosphere. High competition, the occurrence of diverse antibiotics in the rhizosphere, and enhanced horizontal gene transfer rates in this microenvironment appear to contribute to the high levels of natural resistances. While opportunistic bacteria from the rhizosphere have some properties in common, each of these emerging pathogens has its own features, which are discussed in detail for Burkholderia, Ochrobactrum and Stenotrophomonas.
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              Induced Systemic Resistance to Cucumber Diseases and Increased Plant Growth by Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Under Field Conditions

              G Wei (1996)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Plant Pathol J
                Plant Pathol. J
                The Plant Pathology Journal
                Korean Society of Plant Pathology
                1598-2254
                2093-9280
                October 2019
                01 October 2019
                : 35
                : 5
                : 486-497
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
                [2 ]Department of Biotechnology, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
                [3 ]Citrus Research Station, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Seogwipo 63607, Korea
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author.: Phone) +82-53-810-3029, FAX) +82-53-810-4769, E-mail) khbaek@ 123456ynu.ac.kr
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Handling Editor : Sang, Mee Kyung

                Article
                ppj-35-486
                10.5423/PPJ.OA.03.2019.0060
                6788417
                31632223
                64201216-7e3a-47cb-8290-96a7f2e2e6fd
                © The Korean Society of Plant Pathology

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 20 March 2019
                : 05 July 2019
                : 12 August 2019
                Categories
                Research Article

                bacillus thuringiensis,biocontrol,citrus canker,endophytic bacteria

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