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      Robust, high-throughput solution structural analyses by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)

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          Abstract

          We present an efficient pipeline enabling high-throughput analysis of protein structure in solution with small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Our SAXS pipeline combines automated sample handling of microliter volumes, temperature and anaerobic control, rapid data collection, data analysis, and couples structural analysis with automated archiving. We subjected 50 representative proteins, mostly from Pyrococcus furiosus, to this pipeline, revealing that 30 were multimeric structures in solution. SAXS analysis allowed us to distinguish aggregated and unfolded proteins, define global structural parameters and oligomeric states for most samples, identify shapes and similar structures for 25 unknown structures, and determine envelopes for 41 proteins. We believe that high throughput SAXS is an enabling technology that may change the way that structural genomics research is done.

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          Most cited references39

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          PROSITE: a documented database using patterns and profiles as motif descriptors.

          Among the various databases dedicated to the identification of protein families and domains, PROSITE is the first one created and has continuously evolved since. PROSITE currently consists of a large collection of biologically meaningful motifs that are described as patterns or profiles, and linked to documentation briefly describing the protein family or domain they are designed to detect. The close relationship of PROSITE with the SWISS-PROT protein database allows the evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of the PROSITE motifs and their periodic reviewing. In return, PROSITE is used to help annotate SWISS-PROT entries. The main characteristics and the techniques of family and domain identification used by PROSITE are reviewed in this paper.
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            Global rigid body modeling of macromolecular complexes against small-angle scattering data.

            New methods to automatically build models of macromolecular complexes from high-resolution structures or homology models of their subunits or domains against x-ray or neutron small-angle scattering data are presented. Depending on the complexity of the object, different approaches are employed for the global search of the optimum configuration of subunits fitting the experimental data. An exhaustive grid search is used for hetero- and homodimeric particles and for symmetric oligomers formed by identical subunits. For the assemblies or multidomain proteins containing more then one subunit/domain per asymmetric unit, heuristic algorithms based on simulated annealing are used. Fast computational algorithms based on spherical harmonics representation of scattering amplitudes are employed. The methods allow one to construct interconnected models without steric clashes, to account for the particle symmetry and to incorporate information from other methods, on distances between specific residues or nucleotides. For multidomain proteins, addition of missing linkers between the domains is possible. Simultaneous fitting of multiple scattering patterns from subcomplexes or deletion mutants is incorporated. The efficiency of the methods is illustrated by their application to complexes of different types in several simulated and practical examples. Limitations and possible ambiguity of rigid body modeling are discussed and simplified docking criteria are provided to rank multiple models. The methods described are implemented in publicly available computer programs running on major hardware platforms.
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              The molecular sociology of the cell.

              Proteomic studies have yielded detailed lists of the proteins present in a cell. Comparatively little is known, however, about how these proteins interact and are spatially arranged within the 'functional modules' of the cell: that is, the 'molecular sociology' of the cell. This gap is now being bridged by using emerging experimental techniques, such as mass spectrometry of complexes and single-particle cryo-electron microscopy, to complement traditional biochemical and biophysical methods. With the development of integrative computational methods to exploit the data obtained, such hybrid approaches will uncover the molecular architectures, and perhaps even atomic models, of many protein complexes. With these structures in hand, researchers will be poised to use cryo-electron tomography to view protein complexes in action within cells, providing unprecedented insights into protein-interaction networks.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                101215604
                32338
                Nat Methods
                Nat. Methods
                Nature methods
                1548-7091
                1548-7105
                6 May 2011
                20 July 2009
                August 2009
                14 May 2011
                : 6
                : 8
                : 606-612
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Physical Bioscience Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
                [2 ]Life Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
                [3 ]Georgia Campus Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Suwanee, GA 30024
                [4 ]Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
                [5 ]Department of Molecular Biology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding authors- jat@ 123456scripps.edu
                [†]

                Contributed equally to this work

                Article
                nihpa293392
                10.1038/nmeth.1353
                3094553
                19620974
                64150302-1837-4de3-99c8-77c4d6aefe81

                Users may view, print, copy, download and text and data- mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use: http://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies/license.html#terms

                History
                Funding
                Funded by: National Cancer Institute : NCI
                Award ID: R01 CA117638-08 || CA
                Funded by: National Cancer Institute : NCI
                Award ID: R01 CA117638-07 || CA
                Funded by: National Cancer Institute : NCI
                Award ID: R01 CA117638-06 || CA
                Categories
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                Life sciences
                Life sciences

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