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      Human and animal cystic echinococcosis in Konya, Turkey: molecular identification and the first report of E. equinus from human host in Turkey

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          Abstract

          Cystic echinococcosis is a neglected, zoonotic disease in Turkey. The disease is commonly seen in rural areas where the local population is in close contact with livestock and dogs. This research aimed to molecularly identify of hydatid cysts in cattle and human isolates from Konya, Turkey. Following sample collection, direct microscopy was performed. After direct examination, total DNA was extracted, and positive PCR products of cox 1 mitochondrial gene (~ 875 bp) were sequenced. A total of 83 hydatid cysts (cattle n = 57 and human n = 26), 82 were identified as Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (G1–G3 genotypes), and one human isolate was characterized as Echinococcus equinus (G4 genotype). Fertility rates of cysts belonging to cattle for liver and lung cysts were 93.3% and 80%, respectively. Out of 26 human originated isolates, 18 (69.2%) of cysts were found to be fertile. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of E. equinus from human host in Turkey.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00436-021-07050-w.

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          Genetic variants within the genus Echinococcus identified by mitochondrial DNA sequencing.

          The pattern of species and strain variation within the genus Echinococcus is complex and controversial. In an attempt to characterise objectively the various species and strains, the sequence of a region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (CO1) gene was determined for 56 Echinococcus isolates. Eleven different genotypes were detected, including 7 within Echinococcus granulosus, and these were used to categorise the isolates. The 4 generally accepted Echinococcus species were clearly distinguishable using this approach. In addition, the consensus view of the strain pattern within E. granulosus, based on a variety of criteria of differentiation, was broadly upheld. Very little variation was detected within Echinococcus multilocularis. Remarkable intra-strain homogeneity was found at the DNA sequence level. This region of the rapidly evolving mitochondrial genome is useful as a marker of species and strain identity and as a preliminary indication of evolutionary divergence within the genus Echinococcus.
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            Global Distribution of Alveolar and Cystic Echinococcosis.

            Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE) are severe helminthic zoonoses. Echinococcus multilocularis (causative agent of AE) is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere where it is typically maintained in a wild animal cycle including canids as definitive hosts and rodents as intermediate hosts. The species Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus ortleppi, Echinococcus canadensis and Echinococcus intermedius are the causative agents of CE with a worldwide distribution and a highly variable human disease burden in the different endemic areas depending upon human behavioural risk factors, the diversity and ecology of animal host assemblages and the genetic diversity within Echinococcus species which differ in their zoonotic potential and pathogenicity. Both AE and CE are regarded as neglected zoonoses, with a higher overall burden of disease for CE due to its global distribution and high regional prevalence, but a higher pathogenicity and case fatality rate for AE, especially in Asia. Over the past two decades, numerous studies have addressed the epidemiology and distribution of these Echinococcus species worldwide, resulting in better-defined boundaries of the endemic areas. This chapter presents the global distribution of Echinococcus species and human AE and CE in maps and summarizes the global data on host assemblages, transmission, prevalence in animal definitive hosts, incidence in people and molecular epidemiology.
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              Ecology and Life Cycle Patterns of Echinococcus Species.

              The genus Echinococcus is composed of eight generally recognized species and one genotypic cluster (Echinococcus canadensis cluster) that may in future be resolved into one to three species. For each species, we review existing information on transmission routes and life cycles in different geographical contexts and - where available - include basic biological information of parasites and hosts (e.g., susceptibility of host species). While some Echinococcus spp. are transmitted in life cycles that involve predominantly domestic animals (e.g., dog - livestock cycles), others are wildlife parasites that do or do not interact with domestic transmission. In many cases, life cycle patterns of the same parasite species differ according to geography. Simple life cycles contrast with transmission patterns that are highly complex, involving multihost systems that may include both domestic and wild mammals. Wildlife transmission may be primary or secondary, i.e., resulting from spillovers from domestic animals. For most of the species and regions, existing information does not yet permit a conclusive description of transmission systems. Such data, however, would be highly relevant, e.g., for anticipation of geographical changes of the presence and frequency of these parasites in a warming world, or for initiating evidence-based control strategies.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                salihmacin@hotmail.com
                Journal
                Parasitol Res
                Parasitol Res
                Parasitology Research
                Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                0932-0113
                1432-1955
                19 January 2021
                : 1-6
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.17242.32, ISNI 0000 0001 2308 7215, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, , Selçuk University, ; Konya, Turkey
                [2 ]GRID grid.14442.37, ISNI 0000 0001 2342 7339, Vocational School of Health Services, , Hacettepe University, ; Ankara, Turkey
                [3 ]GRID grid.17242.32, ISNI 0000 0001 2308 7215, Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, , Selçuk University, ; Konya, Turkey
                [4 ]GRID grid.17242.32, ISNI 0000 0001 2308 7215, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, , Selçuk University, ; Konya, Turkey
                Author notes

                Section Editor: Bruno Gottstein

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9202-4047
                Article
                7050
                10.1007/s00436-021-07050-w
                7813620
                33462709
                6377a056-d035-4ca2-a07a-300f5df79bad
                © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature 2021

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                : 1 July 2020
                : 7 January 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100007086, Selçuk Üniversitesi;
                Award ID: 18401134
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Helminthology - Original Paper

                Parasitology
                echinocccus granulosus sensu lato,human cystic echinococcosis,echinococcus equinus,turkey,cattle

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