The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data

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Abstract

The FLUXNET2015 dataset provides ecosystem-scale data on CO ₂, water, and energy exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere, and other meteorological and biological measurements, from 212 sites around the globe (over 1500 site-years, up to and including year 2014). These sites, independently managed and operated, voluntarily contributed their data to create global datasets. Data were quality controlled and processed using uniform methods, to improve consistency and intercomparability across sites. The dataset is already being used in a number of applications, including ecophysiology studies, remote sensing studies, and development of ecosystem and Earth system models. FLUXNET2015 includes derived-data products, such as gap-filled time series, ecosystem respiration and photosynthetic uptake estimates, estimation of uncertainties, and metadata about the measurements, presented for the first time in this paper. In addition, 206 of these sites are for the first time distributed under a Creative Commons (CC-BY 4.0) license. This paper details this enhanced dataset and the processing methods, now made available as open-source codes, making the dataset more accessible, transparent, and reproducible.

Abstract

Measurement(s)	net ecosystem exchange • carbon dioxide • water • energy
Technology Type(s)	eddy covariance • measurement device
Sample Characteristic - Environment	terrestrial biome • atmosphere
Sample Characteristic - Location	Earth (planet)

Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12295910

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Most cited references 35

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FLUXNET: A New Tool to Study the Temporal and Spatial Variability of Ecosystem–Scale Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, and Energy Flux Densities

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On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm

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Estimates of the Annual Net Carbon and Water Exchange of Forests: The EUROFLUX Methodology

M Aubinet, A Grelle, A Ibrom … (1999)

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Author and article information

Contributors

Gilberto Pastorello:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9387-3702

gzpastorello@lbl.gov

Dario Papale:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5170-8648

darpap@unitus.it

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Data

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Data

Title: Scientific Data

Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 2052-4463

Publication date (Electronic): 9 July 2020

Publication date PMC-release: 9 July 2020

Publication date Collection: 2020

Volume: 7

Electronic Location Identifier: 225

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.184769.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2231 4551, Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, ; Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

[2 ]GRID grid.12597.38, ISNI 0000 0001 2298 9743, DIBAF, University of Tuscia, ; Viterbo, 01100 Italy

[3 ]GRID grid.423878.2, ISNI 0000 0004 1761 0884, Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), ; Lecce, 73100 Italy

[4 ]GRID grid.184769.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2231 4551, Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, ; Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

[5 ]GRID grid.253564.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2169 6543, Department of Civil Engineering, California State University, ; Sacramento, CA 95819 USA

[6 ]GRID grid.17088.36, ISNI 0000 0001 2150 1785, Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, ; East Lansing, MI 48823 USA

[7 ]GRID grid.27755.32, ISNI 0000 0000 9136 933X, Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, ; Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA

[8 ]TERN Ecosystrem Processes, Menzies Creek, VIC3159 Australia

[9 ]GRID grid.424975.9, ISNI 0000 0000 8615 8685, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; Beijing, 100101 China

[10 ]GRID grid.21613.37, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9609, Department of Soil Science, University of Manitoba, ; Winnipeg, MB, R3T2N2 Canada

[11 ]Department of Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope Research Institute, Zürich, 8046 Switzerland

[12 ]GRID grid.25073.33, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8227, School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, L8S4K1, ; Hamilton, ON, Canada

[13 ]GRID grid.4514.4, ISNI 0000 0001 0930 2361, Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, ; Lund, 22362 Sweden

[14 ]GRID grid.24434.35, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0060, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, ; Lincoln, NE 68583 USA

[15 ]GRID grid.1008.9, ISNI 0000 0001 2179 088X, School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, ; Richmond, VIC3121 Australia

[16 ]GRID grid.5284.b, ISNI 0000 0001 0790 3681, Department of Biology, Research Group PLECO, University of Antwerp, ; Antwerp, 2610 Belgium

[17 ]GRID grid.434554.7, ISNI 0000 0004 1758 4137, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, ; Ispra, 21027 Italy

[18 ]GRID grid.4861.b, ISNI 0000 0001 0805 7253, TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liege, ; Gembloux, B-5030 Belgium

[19 ]GRID grid.8657.c, ISNI 0000 0001 2253 8678, Finnish Meteorological Institute, ; Helsinki, 00560 Finland

[20 ]GRID grid.47840.3f, ISNI 0000 0001 2181 7878, ESPM, University of California Berkeley, ; Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

[21 ]GRID grid.25152.31, ISNI 0000 0001 2154 235X, Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, ; Saskatoon, SK, S7N3H5 Canada

[22 ]GRID grid.410334.1, ISNI 0000 0001 2184 7612, Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, ; Saskatoon, SK, S7N3H5 Canada

[23 ]GRID grid.424414.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1755 6224, Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, ; San Michele All’adige, 38010 Italy

[24 ]GRID grid.77642.30, ISNI 0000 0004 0645 517X, Department of Landscape Design and Sustainable Ecosystems, Agrarian‐Technological Institute, RUDN University, ; Moscow, 117198 Russia

[25 ]Direction du marché du carbone, Ministère du Développement durable de l’Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, Québec, QC, G1R5V7 Canada

[26 ]GRID grid.1012.2, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7910, School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, ; Crawley, 6009 Australia

[27 ]GRID grid.4488.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2111 7257, Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, ; Tharandt, 01737 Germany

[28 ]GRID grid.463962.c, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, ; Orsay, 91405 France

[29 ]GRID grid.24434.35, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0060, Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, ; Lincoln, NE 68583 USA

[30 ]GRID grid.17091.3e, ISNI 0000 0001 2288 9830, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, ; Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4 Canada

[31 ]GRID grid.266190.a, ISNI 0000000096214564, Department of Geography, University of Colorado, ; Boulder, CO 80309 USA

[32 ]GRID grid.261331.4, ISNI 0000 0001 2285 7943, Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, ; Columbus, OH 43210 USA

[33 ]GRID grid.10894.34, ISNI 0000 0001 1033 7684, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, ; Potsdam, 14482 Germany

[34 ]GRID grid.7468.d, ISNI 0000 0001 2248 7639, Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, ; Berlin, Germany

[35 ]GRID grid.17635.36, ISNI 0000000419368657, Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, ; St Paul, MN 55108 USA

[36 ]GRID grid.29172.3f, ISNI 0000 0001 2194 6418, Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, ; Nancy, 54000 France

[37 ]ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Villenave d’Ornon, 33140 France

[38 ]GRID grid.223827.e, ISNI 0000 0001 2193 0096, School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, ; Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA

[39 ]GRID grid.15276.37, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8091, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, ; Gainesville, FL 32611 USA

[40 ]GRID grid.25073.33, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8227, McMaster University Library, McMaster University, ; Hamilton, ON, L8S4L6 Canada

[41 ]Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Federal Research Institute of Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Braunschweig, 38116 Germany

[42 ]GRID grid.5801.c, ISNI 0000 0001 2156 2780, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, ; Zurich, 8092 Switzerland

[43 ]INRAE UMR ECOFOG, Kourou, 97387 French Guiana

[44 ]GRID grid.57828.30, ISNI 0000 0004 0637 9680, Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, ; Boulder, CO 80301 USA

[45 ]GRID grid.417885.7, ISNI 0000 0001 2185 8223, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, ; Thiverval-Grignon, 78850 France

[46 ]Australian Landscape Trust, Renmark, SA5341 Australia

[47 ]GRID grid.435133.3, ISNI 0000 0004 0596 3367, State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; Beijing, 100093 China

[48 ]GRID grid.7048.b, ISNI 0000 0001 1956 2722, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, ; Roskilde, 4000 Denmark

[49 ]GRID grid.117476.2, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7611, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, ; Sydney, 2007 Australia

[50 ]GRID grid.117476.2, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7611, Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network TERN, University of Technology, ; Sydney, 2007 Australia

[51 ]Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy, Ercolano, 80056 Italy

[52 ]GRID grid.5326.2, ISNI 0000 0001 1940 4177, Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy, ; Porano, 05010 Italy

[53 ]GRID grid.133275.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0637 6666, Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, ; Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA

[54 ]GRID grid.187073.a, ISNI 0000 0001 1939 4845, Environmental Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, ; Lemont, IL 60439 USA

[55 ]GRID grid.146611.5, ISNI 0000 0001 0775 5922, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, ; Québec, QC, G1V4C7 Canada

[56 ]GRID grid.23856.3a, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8390, Centre d’étude de la forêt, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique, Université Laval, ; Québec, QC, G1V0A6 Canada

[57 ]Climate Change Unit, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, Saint Christophe, 11020 Italy

[58 ]GRID grid.261331.4, ISNI 0000 0001 2285 7943, Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, ; Columbus, OH 43210 USA

[59 ]GRID grid.11899.38, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0722, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, ; São Paulo, SP, 01000-000 Brazil

[60 ]GRID grid.29857.31, ISNI 0000 0001 2097 4281, Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, The Pennsylvania State University, ; University Park, PA 16802 USA

[61 ]GRID grid.5326.2, ISNI 0000 0001 1940 4177, Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy, ; Montelibretti, 00010 Italy

[62 ]GRID grid.503166.7, UMR Eco&Sols, CIRAD, ; Montpellier, 34060 France

[63 ]GRID grid.460200.0, ISNI 0000 0004 0541 873X, Pedology, Embrapa Amazonia Oriental, ; Belém, PA, 68020640 Brazil

[64 ]GRID grid.14003.36, ISNI 0000 0001 2167 3675, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, ; Madison, WI 53706 USA

[65 ]GRID grid.7345.5, ISNI 0000 0001 0056 1981, Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos y Sistemas de Información, Facultad de Agronomía, UBA, ; Buenos Aires, 1417 Argentina

[66 ]GRID grid.12380.38, ISNI 0000 0004 1754 9227, Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, ; Amsterdam, 1081 HV The Netherlands

[67 ]GRID grid.4711.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2183 4846, Desertification and Geoecology Department, Experimental Station of Arid Zones, CSIC, ; Almería, 04120 Spain

[68 ]GRID grid.163032.5, ISNI 0000 0004 1760 2008, School of Life Science, Shanxi University, ; Taiyuan, 030006 China

[69 ]HydroFocus, Davis, CA 95618 USA

[70 ]Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, 07100 Italy

[71 ]GRID grid.268324.9, Department of Earth, Environment, and Physics, Worcester State University, ; Worcester, MA 01602 USA

[72 ]Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60300 Czech Republic

[73 ]GRID grid.463093.b, ElObeid Research Station, Agricultural Research Corporation, ; ElObeid, 51111 Sudan

[74 ]Airborne Research Australia, TERN Ecosystem Processes Central Node, Parafield, 5106 Australia

[75 ]GRID grid.135963.b, ISNI 0000 0001 2109 0381, Department of Botany, Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. Univ. Ave, ; Laramie, WY 82071 USA

[76 ]GRID grid.5326.2, ISNI 0000 0001 1940 4177, Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy, ; Rome, 00100 Italy

[77 ]GRID grid.423616.4, ISNI 0000 0001 2293 6756, Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, ; Rome, 00166 Italy

[78 ]GRID grid.452453.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0606 1752, Geoscience Australia, ; Canberra, 2601 Australia

[79 ]GRID grid.5254.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0674 042X, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, ; Copenhagen, 1350 Denmark

[80 ]GRID grid.184769.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2231 4551, Energy Analysis & Environmental Impacts Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, ; Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

[81 ]GRID grid.497401.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2286 5230, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, ; Fort Collins, CO 80526 USA

[82 ]GRID grid.5326.2, ISNI 0000 0001 1940 4177, Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy, ; Firenze, 50145 Italy

[83 ]GRID grid.24434.35, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0060, School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, ; Lincoln, NE 68583 USA

[84 ]GRID grid.419500.9, ISNI 0000 0004 0491 7318, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, ; Jena, 03641 Germany

[85 ]GRID grid.224260.0, ISNI 0000 0004 0458 8737, Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, ; Richmond, VA 23284 USA

[86 ]GRID grid.266093.8, ISNI 0000 0001 0668 7243, Department of Earth System Science, University of California, ; Irvine, CA 92697 USA

[87 ]GRID grid.8385.6, ISNI 0000 0001 2297 375X, Agrosphere (IBG3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, ; Jülich, 52428 Germany

[88 ]Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020 Austria

[89 ]GRID grid.256922.8, ISNI 0000 0000 9139 560X, International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, ; Kaifeng, 450000 China

[90 ]GRID grid.458475.f, ISNI 0000 0004 1799 2309, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; Shenyang, 110016 China

[91 ]GRID grid.4391.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2112 1969, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, ; Corvallis, OR 97333 USA

[92 ]GRID grid.410726.6, ISNI 0000 0004 1797 8419, College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; Beijing, 100190 China

[93 ]GRID grid.1008.9, ISNI 0000 0001 2179 088X, School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, ; Creswick, VIC3363 Australia

[94 ]GRID grid.1043.6, ISNI 0000 0001 2157 559X, Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, ; Darwin, 0909 Australia

[95 ]GRID grid.5170.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2181 8870, Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), ; Kongens Lyngby, 2800 Denmark

[96 ]GRID grid.416835.d, ISNI 0000 0001 2222 0432, Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, ; Tsukuba, 305-8604 Japan

[97 ]GRID grid.4818.5, ISNI 0000 0001 0791 5666, Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, ; Wageningen, 6708PB The Netherlands

[98 ]GRID grid.27446.33, ISNI 0000 0004 1789 9163, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, ; Changchun, 130024 China

[99 ]GRID grid.39158.36, ISNI 0000 0001 2173 7691, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, ; Sapporo, 060-8589 Japan

[100 ]GRID grid.39158.36, ISNI 0000 0001 2173 7691, GI-Core, Hokkaido University, ; Sapporo, 060-0808 Japan

[101 ]Geography and Environmental Management, Waterloo, ON, N2L3G1 Canada

[102 ]GRID grid.7892.4, ISNI 0000 0001 0075 5874, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, ; Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467 Germany

[103 ]GRID grid.7450.6, ISNI 0000 0001 2364 4210, Bioclimatology, University of Goettingen, ; Goettingen, 37077 Germany

[104 ]GRID grid.7450.6, ISNI 0000 0001 2364 4210, Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, ; Goettingen, 37077 Germany

[105 ]GRID grid.17091.3e, ISNI 0000 0001 2288 9830, Department of Geography, The University of British Columbia, ; Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z2 Canada

[106 ]GRID grid.410588.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2191 0132, Research Institute for Global Change, Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, ; Yokoama, 236-0001 Japan

[107 ]GRID grid.1010.0, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7304, Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, ; Adelaide, SA5064 Australia

[108 ]GRID grid.258799.8, ISNI 0000 0004 0372 2033, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, ; Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan

[109 ]GRID grid.27476.30, ISNI 0000 0001 0943 978X, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, ; Nagoya, 4648601 Japan

[110 ]GRID grid.4489.1, ISNI 0000000121678994, Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, ; Granada, 18071 Spain

[111 ]GRID grid.4818.5, ISNI 0000 0001 0791 5666, Water systems and Global Change group, Wageningen University, ; Wageningen, 6500 The Netherlands

[112 ]GRID grid.4886.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2192 9124, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, ; Moscow, 119071 Russia

[113 ]GRID grid.484295.6, Head Office, Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS ERIC), ; Helsinki, 00560 Finland

[114 ]GRID grid.22642.30, ISNI 0000 0004 4668 6757, Natural Resources Institute Finland, ; Helsinki, 00790 Finland

[115 ]GRID grid.9227.e, ISNI 0000000119573309, Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; Xining, 810008 China

[116 ]GRID grid.1011.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0474 1797, Centre for Tropical Environmental Sustainability Studies, James Cook University, ; Cairns, 4878 Australia

[117 ]GRID grid.433534.6, ISNI 0000 0001 2169 1275, CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, ; Montpellier, 34293 France

[118 ]GRID grid.434305.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2231 3604, Forestry and Environment Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), ; Kepong, 52109 Malaysia

[119 ]GRID grid.7737.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0410 2071, Institute for Atmosphere and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, ; Helsinki, 00560 Finland

[120 ]GRID grid.8217.c, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9705, Department of Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, ; Dublin, D02PN40 Ireland

[121 ]GRID grid.38275.3b, ISNI 0000 0001 2321 7956, German Meteorological Service (DWD), Centre for Agrometeorological Research, ; Braunschweig, 38116 Germany

[122 ]GRID grid.7384.8, ISNI 0000 0004 0467 6972, Micrometeorology, University of Bayreuth, ; Bayreuth, 95440 Germany

[123 ]Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, 95448 Bayreuth, Germany

[124 ]CSIRO Land and Water, Floreat, 6014 Australia

[125 ]GRID grid.11450.31, ISNI 0000 0001 2097 9138, Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, ; Sassari, 07100 Italy

[126 ]GRID grid.10858.34, ISNI 0000 0001 0941 4873, Oulanka research station, University of Oulu, ; Kuusamo, 93900 Finland

[127 ]GRID grid.268091.4, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9561, Dept. Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, ; Wellesley, MA 02481 USA

[128 ]GRID grid.5326.2, ISNI 0000 0001 1940 4177, Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy, ; Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Italy

[129 ]GRID grid.410356.5, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8331, Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s University, ; Kingston, ON, K7L3N6 Canada

[130 ]Environmental Analytics NZ, Ltd. Raumati South, Paraparaumu, 5032 New Zealand

[131 ]GRID grid.419369.0, Mazingira Centre, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), ; Nairobi, 00100 Kenya

[132 ]NOAA/OAR/Air Resources Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA

[133 ]GRID grid.265850.c, ISNI 0000 0001 2151 7947, Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, State University of New York at Albany, ; Albany, NY, 12203 USA

[134 ]Forest Department of South Tyrol, Bolzano, 39100 Italy

[135 ]GRID grid.134563.6, ISNI 0000 0001 2168 186X, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, ; Tucson, AZ 85721 USA

[136 ]GRID grid.34988.3e, ISNI 0000 0001 1482 2038, Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, ; Bolzano, 39100 Italy

[137 ]GRID grid.35403.31, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9991, Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, ; Urbana, IL 61801 USA

[138 ]GRID grid.420326.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0624 5658, IHE Delft, ; Delft, 2611 The Netherlands

[139 ]GRID grid.12380.38, ISNI 0000 0004 1754 9227, Faculty of Science, VU Amsterdam, ; Amsterdam, 1081 The Netherlands

[140 ]GRID grid.4444.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2112 9282, University Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, IGE, ; Grenoble, 38000 France

[141 ]GRID grid.38142.3c, ISNI 000000041936754X, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, ; Cambridge, MA 02138 USA

[142 ]GRID grid.38142.3c, ISNI 000000041936754X, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, ; Cambridge, MA 02138 USA

[143 ]GRID grid.19188.39, ISNI 0000 0004 0546 0241, School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, ; Taipei, 0617 Taiwan

[144 ]GRID grid.70738.3b, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 981X, International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, ; Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA

[145 ]GRID grid.435417.0, Environment and Climate, Research Institute for Nature and Forest, ; Geraardsbergen, 9500 Belgium

[146 ]GRID grid.264756.4, ISNI 0000 0004 4687 2082, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, ; College Station, TX 77843 USA

[147 ]GRID grid.1043.6, ISNI 0000 0001 2157 559X, Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, ; Casuarina, 0810 Australia

[148 ]GRID grid.412115.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2309 1978, Grupo de Estudios Ambientales, Instituto de Matemática Aplicada San Luis (UNSL & CONICET), ; San Luis, D5700HHW Argentina

[149 ]Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias (UNER), Oro Verde, 3100 Argentina

[150 ]GRID grid.503166.7, Eco&Sols, Univ Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-IRD-Montpellier SupAgro, ; Montpellier, 34060 France

[151 ]GRID grid.411377.7, ISNI 0000 0001 0790 959X, O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, ; Bloomington, IN 47405 USA

[152 ]GRID grid.263081.e, ISNI 0000 0001 0790 1491, Global Change Research Group, Dept. Biology, San Diego State University, ; San Diego, CA 92182 USA

[153 ]GRID grid.8391.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8024, Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, ; Exeter, EX44RJ United Kingdom

[154 ]GRID grid.7048.b, ISNI 0000 0001 1956 2722, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, ; Tjele, 8830 Denmark

[155 ]GRID grid.7048.b, ISNI 0000 0001 1956 2722, iCLIMATE, Aarhus University, ; Tjele, 8830 Denmark

[156 ]GRID grid.254444.7, ISNI 0000 0001 1456 7807, Department of Geology, Wayne State University, ; Detroit, MI 48202 USA

[157 ]GRID grid.5510.1, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8921, Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, ; Oslo, 0315 Norway

[158 ]GRID grid.7400.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0650, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, ; Zurich, 8057 Switzerland

[159 ]GRID grid.6341.0, ISNI 0000 0000 8578 2742, Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, ; Umeå, 90183 Sweden

[160 ]GRID grid.1029.a, ISNI 0000 0000 9939 5719, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, ; Penrith, 2751 Australia

[161 ]GRID grid.411377.7, ISNI 0000 0001 0790 959X, Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, ; Bloomington, IN 47401 USA

[162 ]GRID grid.419231.c, ISNI 0000 0001 2167 7174, Instituto de Clima y Agua, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA), ; Buenos Aires, 1686 Argentina

[163 ]CSIRO Land and Water, Wembley, 6913 Australia

[164 ]GRID grid.17088.36, ISNI 0000 0001 2150 1785, Center for Global Change & Earth Observations, Michigan State University, ; East Lansing, MI 48823 USA

[165 ]GRID grid.440649.b, ISNI 0000 0004 1808 3334, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, ; Mianyang, 621010 China

[166 ]GRID grid.411216.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0397 5145, Departamento de Química e Física, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, ; Areia, PB, 58397-000 Brazil

[167 ]GRID grid.23731.34, ISNI 0000 0000 9195 2461, Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, ; Potsdam, 14473 Germany

[168 ]Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (CEAMA-IISTA), Granada, 18006 Spain

[169 ]GRID grid.466844.c, ISNI 0000 0000 9963 8346, Ciencias del Agua y Medioambiente, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, ; Ciudad Obregón, 85000 Mexico

[170 ]GRID grid.6190.e, ISNI 0000 0000 8580 3777, Geographical Institute, University of Cologne, ; Cologne, 50923 Germany

[171 ]GRID grid.452453.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0606 1752, Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, Geoscience Australia, ; Canberra, 2609 Australia

[172 ]GRID grid.507310.0, Southwest Watershed Research Center, USDA-ARS, ; Tucson, AZ 85719 USA

[173 ]GRID grid.448082.2, Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, ; Prague, 14100 Czech Republic

[174 ]GRID grid.4489.1, ISNI 0000000121678994, Department of Ecology, University of Granada, ; Granada, 18071 Spain

[175 ]GRID grid.410727.7, ISNI 0000 0001 0526 1937, National Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station & Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, ; Beijing, 100081 China

[176 ]GRID grid.1038.a, ISNI 0000 0004 0389 4302, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, ; Joondalup, 6027 Australia

[177 ]Sentek Pty Ltd, Stepney, SA5069 Australia

[178 ]GRID grid.422235.0, ISNI 0000 0004 6483 1479, National Ecological Observatory Network Program, ; Boulder, CO 80301 USA

[179 ]GRID grid.417935.d, ISNI 0000 0000 9150 188X, Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, ; Kyoto, 612-0855 Japan

[180 ]GRID grid.11135.37, ISNI 0000 0001 2256 9319, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, ; Beijing, 100871 China

[181 ]GRID grid.1002.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7857, School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, ; Clayton, 3800 Australia

[182 ]GRID grid.14003.36, ISNI 0000 0001 2167 3675, Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, ; Madison, WI 53706 USA

[183 ]Terrasystem srl, Viterbo, 01100 Italy

[184 ]GRID grid.472551.0, ISNI 0000 0004 0404 3120, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, ; Missoula, MT 59808 USA

[185 ]GRID grid.4818.5, ISNI 0000 0001 0791 5666, Meteorology and Air Quality group, Wageningen University, ; 6500 Wageningen, The Netherlands

[186 ]GRID grid.1001.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2180 7477, Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University Canberra, ; Canberra, ACT 2600 Australia

[187 ]GRID grid.1002.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7857, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, ; Clayton, 3800 Australia

[188 ]GRID grid.469914.7, CSIRO Land and Water, ; Canberra, 2601 Australia

[189 ]GRID grid.458495.1, ISNI 0000 0001 1014 7864, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; Guangzhou, 510650 China

[190 ]GRID grid.260478.f, College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, ; Nanjing, 210044 China

[191 ]GRID grid.11835.3e, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9262, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, ; Sheffield, S102TN United Kingdom

Author information

Gilberto Pastorello http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9387-3702

Carlo Trotta http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6377-0262

Housen Chu http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8131-4938

Danielle Christianson http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8663-7701

Jiquan Chen http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0761-9458

Brian Amiro http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9969-0050

Christof Ammann http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0783-5444

M. Altaf Arain http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1433-5173

Jonas Ardö http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9318-0973

Stefan K. Arndt http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7086-9375

Mika Aurela http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4046-7225

Eric Beamesderfer http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7513-7349

Luca Belelli Marchesini http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8408-4675

Jason Beringer http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4619-8361

Christian Bernhofer http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1061-3073

Daniel Berveiller http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7461-6420

Peter D. Blanken http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7405-2220

Gil Bohrer http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9209-9540

Julia Boike http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5875-2112

Damien Bonal http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9602-8603

David R. Bowling http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3864-4042

Jason Brodeur http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7118-8360

Christian Brümmer http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6621-5010

Nina Buchmann http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0826-2980

Sean P. Burns http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6258-1838

Pauline Buysse http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7664-7797

Torben R. Christensen http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4917-148X

James Cleverly http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2731-7150

Alessio Collalti http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4980-8487

David Cook http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3645-7590

Carole Coursolle http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4289-5095

Edoardo Cremonese http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6708-8532

Ettore D’Andrea http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5884-210X

Humberto da Rocha http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3809-4626

Raimundo C. De Oliveira http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2735-1746

Nicolas Delpierre http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0906-9402

Ankur R. Desai http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5226-6041

Han Dolman http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0099-0457

Francisco Domingo http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7145-7281

Sabina Dore http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2956-5251

Pierpaolo Duce http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5011-2903

Allison Dunn http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1960-6718

Derek Eamus http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2765-8040

Werner Eugster http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6067-0741

Cacilia M. Ewenz http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1466-8653

Daniela Famulari http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2388-9282

Andrew Feitz http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8041-9535

Rasmus Fensholt http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3067-4527

Gianluca Filippa http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4554-6045

Marc Fischer http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7956-2361

John Frank http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6543-0333

Damiano Gianelle http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7697-5793

Beniamino Gioli http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7631-2623

Mathias Goeckede http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2833-8401

Allen H. Goldstein http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4014-4896

Michael L. Goulden http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9379-3948

Alexander Graf http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4870-7622

Anne Griebel http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4476-8279

Thomas Grünwald http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2263-0073

Albin Hammerle http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1963-5906

Nina Hinko-Najera http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1253-7414

Lukas Hörtnagl http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5569-0761

Lindsay Hutley http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5533-9886

Andreas Ibrom http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1341-921X

Hiroki Ikawa http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4984-8067

Rachhpal Jassal http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6727-5215

Tomomichi Kato http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3757-3243

Alexander Knohl http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7615-8870

Sara Knox http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2255-5835

Georgia Koerber http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3609-477X

Olaf Kolle http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7373-7519

Ayumi Kotani http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0350-0775

Bart Kruijt http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6186-1731

Julia Kurbatova http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4452-7376

Werner L. Kutsch http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1656-7514

Bev Law http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1605-1203

Marryanna Lion http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8182-7752

Annalea Lohila http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3541-672X

Ana López-Ballesteros http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-360X

Efrén López-Blanco http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3796-8408

Denis Loustau http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3990-400X

Vincenzo Magliulo http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5505-6552

Regine Maier http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3158-4136

Ivan Mammarella http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8516-3356

Mikhail Mastepanov http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5543-0302

Jaclyn Hatala Matthes http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8999-8062

Andrew M. S. McMillan http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4652-3360

Lutz Merbold http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4974-170X

Wayne Meyer http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3477-9385

Scott D. Miller http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9016-5559

Stefano Minerbi http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6620-2735

Uta Moderow http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5467-2211

Leonardo Montagnani http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2957-9071

Caitlin E. Moore http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0993-4419

Eddy Moors http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2309-2887

J. William Munger http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1042-8452

Taro Nakai http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6107-0614

Zoran Nesic http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5728-513X

Asko Noormets http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2221-2111

Yann Nouvellon http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1920-3847

Walter Oechel http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3504-026X

Jørgen Eivind Olesen http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6639-1273

Shirley A. Papuga http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7226-0640

Frans-Jan Parmentier http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2952-7706

Eugenie Paul-Limoges http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0365-7353

Marian Pavelka http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7339-3410

Matthias Peichl http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9940-5846

Elise Pendall http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1651-8969

Richard P. Phillips http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1345-4138

Gabriela Posse http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6624-9536

Thomas Powell http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3516-7164

Serge Rambal http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5869-8382

David Reed http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8892-1423

Victor Resco de Dios http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5721-1656

Natalia Restrepo-Coupe http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3921-1772

Marilyn Roland http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5770-3896

Torsten Sachs http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9959-4771

Enrique P. Sánchez-Cañete http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0482-6726

Zulia M. Sanchez-Mejia http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8444-3885

Marius Schmidt http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5292-7092

Karl Schneider http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4381-2151

Frederik Schrader http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5668-3467

Ivan Schroder http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1139-5522

Pavel Sedlák http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1852-1758

Ivan Shironya http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4766-9118

Ladislav Šigut http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1951-4100

Richard Silberstein http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9704-782X

Cove Sturtevant http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0341-3228

Satoru Takanashi http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9466-5385

Nigel Tapper http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3207-9978

Juha-Pekka Tuovinen http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7857-036X

Riccardo Valentini http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6756-5634

Michiel van der Molen http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4992-2420

Ko van Huissteden http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7730-2793

Andrej Varlagin http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2549-5236

Joseph Verfaillie http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7009-8942

Jeffrey P. Walker http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4817-2712

Elizabeth Walter-Shea http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9235-3257

Christian Wille http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0930-6527

Steven Wofsy http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3133-2089

Georg Wohlfahrt http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3080-6702

Sebastian Wolf http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7717-6993

William Woodgate http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5298-4828

Guoyi Zhou http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5667-7411

Donatella Zona http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0003-4839

Sebastien Biraud http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7697-933X

Dario Papale http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5170-8648

Article

Publisher ID: 534

DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-0534-3

PMC ID: 7347557

PubMed ID: 32647314

SO-VID: 63455e98-0713-4558-9016-0d7d0458f470

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