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      Urban Street Networks, a Comparative Analysis of Ten European Cities

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          Efficient Behavior of Small-World Networks

          We introduce the concept of efficiency of a network as a measure of how efficiently it exchanges information. By using this simple measure, small-world networks are seen as systems that are both globally and locally efficient. This gives a clear physical meaning to the concept of "small world," and also a precise quantitative analysis of both weighted and unweighted networks. We study neural networks and man-made communication and transportation systems and we show that the underlying general principle of their construction is in fact a small-world principle of high efficiency.
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            The centrality index of a graph

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              Is Open Access

              Redrawing the Map of Great Britain from a Network of Human Interactions

              Do regional boundaries defined by governments respect the more natural ways that people interact across space? This paper proposes a novel, fine-grained approach to regional delineation, based on analyzing networks of billions of individual human transactions. Given a geographical area and some measure of the strength of links between its inhabitants, we show how to partition the area into smaller, non-overlapping regions while minimizing the disruption to each person's links. We tested our method on the largest non-Internet human network, inferred from a large telecommunications database in Great Britain. Our partitioning algorithm yields geographically cohesive regions that correspond remarkably well with administrative regions, while unveiling unexpected spatial structures that had previously only been hypothesized in the literature. We also quantify the effects of partitioning, showing for instance that the effects of a possible secession of Wales from Great Britain would be twice as disruptive for the human network than that of Scotland.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design
                Environ Plann B Plann Des
                Pion Ltd
                0265-8135
                1472-3417
                December 2013
                December 2013
                December 2013
                December 2013
                : 40
                : 6
                : 1071-1086
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Laboratory of Geographic Information Systems, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), and Urban Design Studies Unit, Department of Architecture, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
                [2 ]Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
                [3 ]Departamento de Física de Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain, and Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain, and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università de Catania and INFN, Via S Sofia, 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
                [4 ]Urban Design Studies Unit, Department of Architecture, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
                [5 ]School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London, England, and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania and INFN, Via S Sofia, 64, 95123 Catania, Italy, and Laboratorio sui Sistemi Complessi, Scuola Superiore de Catania, Via San Nullo 5/I, 95123 Catania, Italy
                Article
                10.1068/b38216
                62fe319b-ce25-443b-b123-e7aff76d39cb
                © 2013

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