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      Impact of COVID-19 on male urogenital health: success of vaccines

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Throughout 2021, the scientific and medical communities were concentrated on dealing with the acute morbidity and mortality induced by the COVID-19 pandemic due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We reviewed the present data for adverse effects of COVID-19 on the different parts of the male urogenital system during the dynamic situation of the COVID-19 pandemic. With the approval of COVID-19 vaccinations, there is a ray of hope at the end of this dark tunnel and a chance to look ahead for the management of long-term consequences in males with urogenital illnesses. A multidisciplinary investigation of these cases could provide information for establishing and optimizing treatment protocols.

          Teaser: COVID-19 is more severe and lethal in male patients, probably due to gender-specific alterations in ACE2 receptor expression. Furthermore, COVID-19 has adverse effects on the reproductive system, sexual and bladder functions, and prostate pathologies.

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          SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor

          Markus Hoffmann, Hannah Kleine-Weber, Simon Schroeder … (2020)
          Summary The recent emergence of the novel, pathogenic SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in China and its rapid national and international spread pose a global health emergency. Cell entry of coronaviruses depends on binding of the viral spike (S) proteins to cellular receptors and on S protein priming by host cell proteases. Unravelling which cellular factors are used by SARS-CoV-2 for entry might provide insights into viral transmission and reveal therapeutic targets. Here, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 uses the SARS-CoV receptor ACE2 for entry and the serine protease TMPRSS2 for S protein priming. A TMPRSS2 inhibitor approved for clinical use blocked entry and might constitute a treatment option. Finally, we show that the sera from convalescent SARS patients cross-neutralized SARS-2-S-driven entry. Our results reveal important commonalities between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV infection and identify a potential target for antiviral intervention.
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            Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia

            Qun Li, Xuhua Guan, Peng Wu … (2020)
            Abstract Background The initial cases of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)–infected pneumonia (NCIP) occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019 and January 2020. We analyzed data on the first 425 confirmed cases in Wuhan to determine the epidemiologic characteristics of NCIP. Methods We collected information on demographic characteristics, exposure history, and illness timelines of laboratory-confirmed cases of NCIP that had been reported by January 22, 2020. We described characteristics of the cases and estimated the key epidemiologic time-delay distributions. In the early period of exponential growth, we estimated the epidemic doubling time and the basic reproductive number. Results Among the first 425 patients with confirmed NCIP, the median age was 59 years and 56% were male. The majority of cases (55%) with onset before January 1, 2020, were linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, as compared with 8.6% of the subsequent cases. The mean incubation period was 5.2 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.1 to 7.0), with the 95th percentile of the distribution at 12.5 days. In its early stages, the epidemic doubled in size every 7.4 days. With a mean serial interval of 7.5 days (95% CI, 5.3 to 19), the basic reproductive number was estimated to be 2.2 (95% CI, 1.4 to 3.9). Conclusions On the basis of this information, there is evidence that human-to-human transmission has occurred among close contacts since the middle of December 2019. Considerable efforts to reduce transmission will be required to control outbreaks if similar dynamics apply elsewhere. Measures to prevent or reduce transmission should be implemented in populations at risk. (Funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China and others.)
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              Cancer statistics, 2016.

              Rebecca L Siegel, Kimberly D Miller, Ahmedin Jemal (2016)
              Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival. Incidence data were collected by the National Cancer Institute (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results [SEER] Program), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (National Program of Cancer Registries), and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2016, 1,685,210 new cancer cases and 595,690 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States. Overall cancer incidence trends (13 oldest SEER registries) are stable in women, but declining by 3.1% per year in men (from 2009-2012), much of which is because of recent rapid declines in prostate cancer diagnoses. The cancer death rate has dropped by 23% since 1991, translating to more than 1.7 million deaths averted through 2012. Despite this progress, death rates are increasing for cancers of the liver, pancreas, and uterine corpus, and cancer is now the leading cause of death in 21 states, primarily due to exceptionally large reductions in death from heart disease. Among children and adolescents (aged birth-19 years), brain cancer has surpassed leukemia as the leading cause of cancer death because of the dramatic therapeutic advances against leukemia. Accelerating progress against cancer requires both increased national investment in cancer research and the application of existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population.
              Article 0 comments Cited 1892 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Drug Discov Today
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Drug Discov Today
                Title: Drug Discovery Today
                Publisher: Elsevier Ltd.
                ISSN (Print): 1359-6446
                ISSN (Electronic): 1878-5832
                Publication date PMC-release: 26 July 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 26 July 2022
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
                [b ]Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
                [c ]Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kyrenia, Girne-TRNC, Mersin, 10, Turkey
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S1359-6446(22)00297-5
                DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.07.012
                PMC ID: 9316714
                SO-VID: 61e7717a-e2b3-4da8-a655-98c5fc564f76
                Copyright © © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 22 April 2022
                Date revision received : 1 June 2022
                Date accepted : 21 July 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Post-Screen (Grey)

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: covid-19,urinary bladder,erectile dysfunction,prostate,angiotensin-converting enzyme 2,rt-pcr, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction,ihc, immunohistochemistry,tem, transmission electron microscopy
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: covid-19, urinary bladder, erectile dysfunction, prostate, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, rt-pcr, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, ihc, immunohistochemistry, tem, transmission electron microscopy

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