44
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
1 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Spirometry for the diagnosis of airway obstruction in patients with risk factors for COPD: the GOLD and lower limit of normal criteria Translated title: Espirometria para o diagnóstico de obstrução das vias aéreas em pacientes com fatores de risco para DPOC: os critérios GOLD e limite inferior da normalidade

      research-article

      Read this article at

      ScienceOpenPublisherPMC
      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          ABSTRACT

          Objective:

          The identification of persistent airway obstruction is key to making a diagnosis of COPD. The GOLD guidelines suggest a fixed criterion-a post-bronchodilator FEV 1/FVC ratio < 70%-to define obstruction, although other guidelines suggest that a post-bronchodilator FEV 1/FVC ratio < the lower limit of normal (LLN) is the most accurate criterion.

          Methods:

          This was an observational study of individuals ≥ 40 years of age with risk factors for COPD who were referred to our pulmonary function laboratory for spirometry. Respiratory symptoms were also recorded. We calculated the prevalence of airway obstruction and of no airway obstruction, according to the GOLD criterion (GOLD+ and GOLD−, respectively) and according to the LLN criterion (LLN+ and LLN−, respectively). We also evaluated the level of agreement between the two criteria.

          Results:

          A total of 241 individuals were included. Airway obstruction was identified according to the GOLD criterion in 42 individuals (17.4%) and according to the LLN criterion in 23 (9.5%). The overall level of agreement between the two criteria was good (k = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.52-0.81), although it was lower among the individuals ≥ 70 years of age (k = 0.42; 95% CI: 0.12-0.72). The proportion of obese individuals was lower in the GOLD+/LLN+ category than in the GOLD+/LLN− category (p = 0.03), as was the median DL CO (p = 0.04).

          Conclusions:

          The use of the GOLD criterion appears to be associated with a higher prevalence of COPD. The agreement between the GOLD and LLN criteria also appears to be good, albeit weaker in older individuals. The use of different criteria to define airway obstruction seems to identify individuals with different characteristics. It is essential to understand the clinical meaning of discordance between such criteria. Until more data are available, we recommend a holistic, individualized approach to, as well as close follow-up of, patients with discordant results for airway obstruction.

          RESUMO

          Objetivo:

          A identificação de obstrução persistente das vias aéreas é fundamental para o diagnóstico de DPOC. As diretrizes da GOLD sugerem um critério fixo - relação VEF 1/CVF pós-broncodilatador < 70% - para definir obstrução, embora outras diretrizes sugiram que a relação VEF 1/CVF pós-broncodilatador < o limite inferior da normalidade (LIN) é o critério mais preciso.

          Métodos:

          Estudo observacional com indivíduos ≥ 40 anos de idade com fatores de risco para DPOC encaminhados ao nosso laboratório de função pulmonar para espirometria. Também foram registrados sintomas respiratórios. Calculamos a prevalência de obstrução e de ausência de obstrução das vias aéreas segundo o critério GOLD (GOLD+ e GOLD−, respectivamente) e segundo o critério LIN (LIN+ e LIN−, respectivamente). Avaliamos também o grau de concordância entre os dois critérios.

          Resultados:

          Foram incluídos 241 indivíduos. Obstrução das vias aéreas foi identificada segundo o critério GOLD em 42 indivíduos (17,4%) e segundo o critério LIN em 23 (9,5%). A concordância global entre os dois critérios foi boa (k = 0,67; IC95%: 0,52-0,81), embora tenha sido menor entre os indivíduos ≥ 70 anos de idade (k = 0,42; IC95%: 0,12-0,72). A proporção de obesos foi menor na categoria GOLD+/LIN+ do que na categoria GOLD+/LIN− (p = 0,03), assim como a mediana de DL CO (p = 0,04).

          Conclusões:

          A utilização do critério GOLD parece estar associada a uma maior prevalência de DPOC. A concordância entre os critérios GOLD e LIN também parece ser boa, embora seja mais fraca em indivíduos mais velhos. A utilização de diferentes critérios para definir obstrução das vias aéreas parece identificar indivíduos com diferentes características. É essencial compreender o significado clínico da discordância entre esses critérios. Até que mais dados estejam disponíveis, recomendamos uma abordagem holística e individualizada e também um acompanhamento cuidadoso dos pacientes com resultados discordantes para obstrução das vias aéreas.

          Related collections

          Most cited references33

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: not found
          • Article: not found

          Standardisation of spirometry.

            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3-95-yr age range: the global lung function 2012 equations.

            The aim of the Task Force was to derive continuous prediction equations and their lower limits of normal for spirometric indices, which are applicable globally. Over 160,000 data points from 72 centres in 33 countries were shared with the European Respiratory Society Global Lung Function Initiative. Eliminating data that could not be used (mostly missing ethnic group, some outliers) left 97,759 records of healthy nonsmokers (55.3% females) aged 2.5-95 yrs. Lung function data were collated and prediction equations derived using the LMS method, which allows simultaneous modelling of the mean (mu), the coefficient of variation (sigma) and skewness (lambda) of a distribution family. After discarding 23,572 records, mostly because they could not be combined with other ethnic or geographic groups, reference equations were derived for healthy individuals aged 3-95 yrs for Caucasians (n=57,395), African-Americans (n=3,545), and North (n=4,992) and South East Asians (n=8,255). Forced expiratory value in 1 s (FEV(1)) and forced vital capacity (FVC) between ethnic groups differed proportionally from that in Caucasians, such that FEV(1)/FVC remained virtually independent of ethnic group. For individuals not represented by these four groups, or of mixed ethnic origins, a composite equation taken as the average of the above equations is provided to facilitate interpretation until a more appropriate solution is developed. Spirometric prediction equations for the 3-95-age range are now available that include appropriate age-dependent lower limits of normal. They can be applied globally to different ethnic groups. Additional data from the Indian subcontinent and Arabic, Polynesian and Latin American countries, as well as Africa will further improve these equations in the future.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Standardization of Spirometry 2019 Update. An Official American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society Technical Statement

              Background: Spirometry is the most common pulmonary function test. It is widely used in the assessment of lung function to provide objective information used in the diagnosis of lung diseases and monitoring lung health. In 2005, the American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society jointly adopted technical standards for conducting spirometry. Improvements in instrumentation and computational capabilities, together with new research studies and enhanced quality assurance approaches, have led to the need to update the 2005 technical standards for spirometry to take full advantage of current technical capabilities. Methods: This spirometry technical standards document was developed by an international joint task force, appointed by the American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society, with expertise in conducting and analyzing pulmonary function tests, laboratory quality assurance, and developing international standards. A comprehensive review of published evidence was performed. A patient survey was developed to capture patients’ experiences. Results: Revisions to the 2005 technical standards for spirometry were made, including the addition of factors that were not previously considered. Evidence to support the revisions was cited when applicable. The experience and expertise of task force members were used to develop recommended best practices. Conclusions: Standards and consensus recommendations are presented for manufacturers, clinicians, operators, and researchers with the aims of increasing the accuracy, precision, and quality of spirometric measurements and improving the patient experience. A comprehensive guide to aid in the implementation of these standards was developed as an online supplement.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Bras Pneumol
                J Bras Pneumol
                jbpneu
                Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia
                Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia
                1806-3713
                1806-3756
                20 December 2021
                2021
                : 47
                : 6
                : e20210124
                Affiliations
                [1 ]. Departamento de Pneumologia, Hospital da Luz Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
                [2 ]. Departamento de Matemática, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Monica Grafino. Hospital da Luz Lisboa, Avenida Lusíada, 100, 1500-650, Lisboa, Portugal. Tel.: 35 19 6122-8426. E-mail: mgrafino@ 123456gmail.com

                AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS: MG: study conception and design; data collection; and management of the systematic database. JC: statistical analysis of the data. All of the authors reviewed the literature; interpreted and discussed the results; drafted the manuscript; and read and approved the final version.

                CONFLICT OF INTEREST: None declared.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0527-8656
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9484-915X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1269-9990
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5721-4550
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7901-1989
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2907-8197
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0268-4595
                Article
                00000
                10.36416/1806-3756/e20210124
                8836624
                35019054
                61dd425c-d2cd-4dfc-a062-a54273dc6cef
                © 2021 Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                : 01 April 2021
                : 19 September 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 29
                Categories
                Original Article

                pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive,airway obstruction,spirometry,doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica,obstrução das vias respiratórias,espirometria

                Comments

                Comment on this article

                scite_

                Similar content141

                Cited by1

                Most referenced authors619