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      • Record: found
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      Recent Advances in Generation and Detection of Orbital Angular Momentum Optical Beams—A Review

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          Abstract

          Herein, we have discussed three major methods which have been generally employed for the generation of optical beams with orbital angular momentum (OAM). These methods include the practice of diffractive optics elements (DOEs), metasurfaces (MSs), and photonic integrated circuits (PICs) for the production of in-plane and out-of-plane OAM. This topic has been significantly evolved as a result; these three methods have been further implemented efficiently by different novel approaches which are discussed as well. Furthermore, development in the OAM detection techniques has also been presented. We have tried our best to bring novel and up-to-date information to the readers on this interesting and widely investigated topic.

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          Most cited references212

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          A revolution in optical manipulation.

          David G Grier (2003)
          Optical tweezers use the forces exerted by a strongly focused beam of light to trap and move objects ranging in size from tens of nanometres to tens of micrometres. Since their introduction in 1986, the optical tweezer has become an important tool for research in the fields of biology, physical chemistry and soft condensed matter physics. Recent advances promise to take optical tweezers out of the laboratory and into the mainstream of manufacturing and diagnostics; they may even become consumer products. The next generation of single-beam optical traps offers revolutionary new opportunities for fundamental and applied research.
          Article 0 comments Cited 1028 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Flat optics with designer metasurfaces.

            Nanfang Yu, Federico Capasso (2014)
            Conventional optical components such as lenses, waveplates and holograms rely on light propagation over distances much larger than the wavelength to shape wavefronts. In this way substantial changes of the amplitude, phase or polarization of light waves are gradually accumulated along the optical path. This Review focuses on recent developments on flat, ultrathin optical components dubbed 'metasurfaces' that produce abrupt changes over the scale of the free-space wavelength in the phase, amplitude and/or polarization of a light beam. Metasurfaces are generally created by assembling arrays of miniature, anisotropic light scatterers (that is, resonators such as optical antennas). The spacing between antennas and their dimensions are much smaller than the wavelength. As a result the metasurfaces, on account of Huygens principle, are able to mould optical wavefronts into arbitrary shapes with subwavelength resolution by introducing spatial variations in the optical response of the light scatterers. Such gradient metasurfaces go beyond the well-established technology of frequency selective surfaces made of periodic structures and are extending to new spectral regions the functionalities of conventional microwave and millimetre-wave transmit-arrays and reflect-arrays. Metasurfaces can also be created by using ultrathin films of materials with large optical losses. By using the controllable abrupt phase shifts associated with reflection or transmission of light waves at the interface between lossy materials, such metasurfaces operate like optically thin cavities that strongly modify the light spectrum. Technology opportunities in various spectral regions and their potential advantages in replacing existing optical components are discussed.
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              Entanglement of the orbital angular momentum states of photons.

              A Mair, A. Vaziri, G. Weihs … (2001)
              Entangled quantum states are not separable, regardless of the spatial separation of their components. This is a manifestation of an aspect of quantum mechanics known as quantum non-locality. An important consequence of this is that the measurement of the state of one particle in a two-particle entangled state defines the state of the second particle instantaneously, whereas neither particle possesses its own well-defined state before the measurement. Experimental realizations of entanglement have hitherto been restricted to two-state quantum systems, involving, for example, the two orthogonal polarization states of photons. Here we demonstrate entanglement involving the spatial modes of the electromagnetic field carrying orbital angular momentum. As these modes can be used to define an infinitely dimensional discrete Hilbert space, this approach provides a practical route to entanglement that involves many orthogonal quantum states, rather than just two Multi-dimensional entangled states could be of considerable importance in the field of quantum information, enabling, for example, more efficient use of communication channels in quantum cryptography.
              Article 0 comments Cited 470 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Zbigniew Jaroszewicz: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sensors (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sensors (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): sensors
                Title: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1424-8220
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 July 2021
                Publication date Collection: August 2021
                Volume: 21
                Issue: 15
                Electronic Location Identifier: 4988
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Telecommunication Systems Department, Ufa State Aviation Technical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia; grakhova.ep@ 123456ugatu.su (E.P.G.); kutluyarov.rv@ 123456ugatu.su (R.V.K.); stepanov.iv@ 123456ugatu.su (I.V.S.); sultanov.ah@ 123456ugatu.su (A.K.S.)
                [2 ]Department of Technical Cybernetics, Samara National Research University, 443086 Samara, Russia; butt.m@ 123456ssau.ru (M.A.B.); kazanskiy@ 123456ipsiras.ru (N.L.K.); khonina@ 123456ipsiras.ru (S.N.K.)
                [3 ]Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland
                [4 ]Image Processing Systems Institute Branch of the Federal Scientific Research Center “Crystallography and Photonics” of Russian Academy of Sciences, 443001 Samara, Russia
                [5 ]Center for Photonics and Quantum Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia; v.lyubopytov@ 123456skoltech.ru
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: fatkhiev.dm@ 123456ugatu.su
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8388-3061
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0829-4886
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0180-7522
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6765-4373
                Article
                Publisher ID: sensors-21-04988
                DOI: 10.3390/s21154988
                PMC ID: 8347071
                PubMed ID: 34372226
                SO-VID: 61963554-c980-489a-959d-79b86e45e4a7
                Copyright © © 2021 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 01 June 2021
                Date accepted : 20 July 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: orbital angular momentum,optical waveguide,diffractive optic elements,spatial light modulator,metasurfaces,computer-generated holograms
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: orbital angular momentum, optical waveguide, diffractive optic elements, spatial light modulator, metasurfaces, computer-generated holograms

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