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      Impact of electronic-alerting of acute kidney injury: workgroup statements from the 15 th ADQI Consensus Conference

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          Abstract

          Purpose of the review

          Among hospitalized patients, acute kidney injury is common and associated with significant morbidity and risk for mortality. The use of electronic health records (EHR) for prediction and detection of this important clinical syndrome has grown in the past decade. The steering committee of the 15 th Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) conference dedicated a workgroup with the task of identifying elements that may impact the course of events following Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) e-alert.

          Sources of information

          Following an extensive, non-systematic literature search, we used a modified Delphi process to reach consensus regarding several aspects of the utilization of AKI e-alerts.

          Findings

          Topics discussed in this workgroup included progress in evidence base practices, the characteristics of an optimal e-alert, the measures of efficacy and effectiveness, and finally what responses would be considered best practices following AKI e-alerts. Authors concluded that the current evidence for e-alert system efficacy, although growing, remains insufficient. Technology and human-related factors were found to be crucial elements of any future investigation or implementation of such tools. The group also concluded that implementation of such systems should not be done without a vigorous plan to evaluate the efficacy and effectiveness of e-alerts. Efficacy and effectiveness of e-alerts should be measured by context-specific process and patient outcomes. Finally, the group made several suggestions regarding the clinical decision support that should be considered following successful e-alert implementation.

          Limitations

          This paper reflects the findings of a non-systematic review and expert opinion.

          Implications

          We recommend implementation of the findings of this workgroup report for use of AKI e-alerts.

          ABRÉGÉ

          Contexte et objectifs de la revue

          L’insuffisance rénale aigüe (IRA) est un problème de santé fréquent chez les patients hospitalisés, et elle présente un risque élevé de morbidité et de mortalité pour les personnes affectées. L’utilisation des dossiers médicaux électroniques (DMÉ) pour la prédiction et le dépistage de ce syndrome clinique est en croissance depuis une dizaine d’années. Le comité directeur de la 15 e réunion annuelle de la Acute DIalysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) a désigné un groupe de travail à qui il a donné le mandat d’identifier les éléments susceptibles d’avoir une incidence sur le cours des événements à la suite d’une alerte électronique indiquant un changement dans le taux de créatinine sérique d’un patient (alerte électronique d’IRA).

          Sources et méthodologie

          À la suite d’une revue exhaustive, mais non systématique de la littérature, nous avons utilisé une version modifiée de la méthode Delphi afin de parvenir à un consensus sur plusieurs facteurs liés à l’utilisation des alertes électroniques IRA.

          Résultats/constatations

          Parmi les thèmes discutés par ce groupe de travail figuraient les progrès observés au niveau de la pratique factuelle, l’identification des caractéristiques d’une alerte électronique optimale, la façon de mesurer l’efficacité des alertes et enfin, les interventions qualifiées de pratiques exemplaires à appliquer à la suite d’une alerte électronique d’IRA. Les auteurs ont conclu que les connaissances actuelles sur l’efficacité des systèmes d’alertes électroniques, bien qu’en progression, demeurent insuffisantes. Ils ont de plus identifié les facteurs humains et technologiques comme étant des éléments clés à considérer lors d’investigations futures portant sur de tels systèmes ou lors de leur mise en œuvre dans le futur. Le groupe de travail a également conclu que la mise en place de tels systèmes d’alertes ne devrait toutefois pas se faire sans un programme rigoureux d’analyse de l’efficacité et de l’efficience des alertes émises, et que ces mesures devraient se faire dans un cadre précis et en tenant compte des résultats observés chez les patients. Enfin, les auteurs ont fait plusieurs suggestions de mécanismes d’aide à la prise de décisions cliniques à prendre en considération à la suite de la mise en œuvre réussie d’un système d’alertes électroniques.

          Limites

          Cet article fait état des conclusions obtenues dans le cadre d’une revue non systématique de la littérature et à partir des opinions d’un groupe d’experts.

          Conclusion

          Nous recommandons la mise en application des conclusions émises dans le rapport présenté par le groupe de travail sur l’utilisation des alertes électroniques IRA.

          Related collections

          Most cited references36

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          The definition of acute kidney injury and its use in practice

          Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common syndrome that is independently associated with increased mortality. A standardized definition is important to facilitate clinical care and research. The definition of AKI has evolved rapidly since 2004, with the introduction of the Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, and End-stage renal disease (RIFLE), AKI Network (AKIN), and Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) classifications. RIFLE was modified for pediatric use (pRIFLE). They were developed using both evidence and consensus. Small rises in serum creatinine are independently associated with increased mortality, and hence are incorporated into the current definition of AKI. The recent definition from the international KDIGO guideline merged RIFLE and AKIN. Systematic review has found that these definitions do not differ significantly in their performance. Health-care staff caring for children or adults should use standard criteria for AKI, such as the pRIFLE or KDIGO definitions, respectively. These efforts to standardize AKI definition are a substantial advance, although areas of uncertainty remain. The new definitions have enabled the use of electronic alerts to warn clinicians of possible AKI. Novel biomarkers may further refine the definition of AKI, but their use will need to produce tangible improvements in outcomes and cost effectiveness. Further developments in AKI definitions should be informed by research into their practical application across health-care providers. This review will discuss the definition of AKI and its use in practice for clinicians and laboratory scientists.
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            Overriding of drug safety alerts in computerized physician order entry.

            Many computerized physician order entry (CPOE) systems have integrated drug safety alerts. The authors reviewed the literature on physician response to drug safety alerts and interpreted the results using Reason's framework of accident causation. In total, 17 papers met the inclusion criteria. Drug safety alerts are overridden by clinicians in 49% to 96% of cases. Alert overriding may often be justified and adverse drug events due to overridden alerts are not always preventable. A distinction between appropriate and useful alerts should be made. The alerting system may contain error-producing conditions like low specificity, low sensitivity, unclear information content, unnecessary workflow disruptions, and unsafe and inefficient handling. These may result in active failures of the physician, like ignoring alerts, misinterpretation, and incorrect handling. Efforts to improve patient safety by increasing correct handling of drug safety alerts should focus on the error-producing conditions in software and organization. Studies on cognitive processes playing a role in overriding drug safety alerts are lacking.
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              Use of electronic results reporting to diagnose and monitor AKI in hospitalized patients.

              Many patients with AKI are cared for by non-nephrologists. This can result in variable standards of care that contribute to poor outcomes. To improve AKI recognition, a real-time, hospital-wide, electronic reporting system was designed based on current Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria. This system allowed prospective data collection on AKI incidence and outcomes such as mortality rate, length of hospital stay, and renal recovery. The setting was a 1139-bed teaching hospital with a tertiary referral nephrology unit. An electronic reporting system was successfully introduced into clinical practice (false positive rate, 1.7%; false negative rate, 0.2%). The results showed that there were 3202 AKI episodes in 2619 patients during the 9-month study period (5.4% of hospital admissions). The in-hospital mortality rate was 23.8% and increased with more severe AKI (16.1% for stage 1 AKI versus 36.1% for stage 3) (P<0.001). More severe AKI was associated with longer length of hospital stay for stage 1 (8 days; interquartile range, 13) versus 11 days for stage 3 (interquartile range, 16) (P<0.001) and reduced chance of renal recovery (80.0% in stage 1 AKI versus 58.8% in stage 3) (P<0.001). Utility of the Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria was reduced in those with pre-existing CKD. AKI is common in hospitalized patients and is associated with very poor outcomes. The successful implementation of electronic alert systems to aid early recognition of AKI across all acute specialties is one strategy that may help raise standards of care.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                eric.hoste@ugent.be
                Kashani.kianoush@mayo.edu
                ngibney@ualberta.ca
                francis.p.wilson@yale.edu
                ngibney@ualberta.ca
                Stuart.Goldstein@cchmc.org
                kellum@pitt.edu
                bagshaw@ualberta.ca
                Journal
                Can J Kidney Health Dis
                Can J Kidney Health Dis
                Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease
                BioMed Central (London )
                2054-3581
                26 February 2016
                26 February 2016
                2016
                : 3
                : 10
                Affiliations
                [ ]Intensive Care Unit, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
                [ ]Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
                [ ]Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St, SW, Rochester, MN USA
                [ ]Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St, SW, Rochester, MN USA
                [ ]Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, CSB 2-124, 8440-112 Street, Edmonton, AB Canada
                [ ]Program of Applied Translational Research, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 60 Temple Street Suite 6C, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
                [ ]Department of Nephrology and International Renal Research Institute, Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy
                [ ]Center for Acute Care Nephrology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7022, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
                [ ]Center for Critical Care Nephrology, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
                [ ]Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 8440-112 ST NW, Edmonton, AB T6G2B7 Canada
                Article
                101
                10.1186/s40697-016-0101-1
                4768416
                26925246
                6187311a-7f63-409d-92a8-c53bb7a09b77
                © Hoste et al. 2016

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 21 October 2015
                : 4 February 2016
                Categories
                Review
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                © The Author(s) 2016

                acute kidney injury,sniffer,electronic alert,electronic health records

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