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      Frecuencia de episodio depresivo mayor y factores relacionados en pacientes infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en tratamiento antirretroviral de gran actividad (TARGA) en un hospital público de Lima Translated title: Frequency of major depressive episode and related factors in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus in highly active antiretroviral therapy in a public hospital in Lima

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          Abstract

          Objetivo: Estimar la frecuencia de episodio depresivo mayor (EDM) y sus factores relacionados en pacientes infectados por el VIH en tratamiento antirretroviral de gran actividad (TARGA) en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia (HNCH), en el período enero - febrero 2012. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal, en el cual 205 pacientes ambulatorios del servicio de TARGA del HNCH, respondieron un cuestionario que consignaba la escala CES-D de 5 ítems para síntomas depresivos, además de las variables sociodemográficas y relativas al TARGA. De acuerdo a la sensibilidad y especificidad, nos aproximamos al diagnóstico de EDM usando un punto de corte de 6 en la escala CES-D. Se realizó análisis bivariado y multivariado para determinar los factores relacionados a la frecuencia de EDM. Resultados: Se encontró una frecuencia de EDM de 27,8% en la población descrita. Las variables significativamente relacionadas a EDM fueron trabajo estable (OR=0,16; IC95% [0,03-0,86]) y consumo pasado de marihuana (OR=4,69; IC95% [1,08-20,37]). No se encontraron relacionados a la presencia de EDM, la orientación sexual, los niveles de CD4 ni la falta de adherencia a TARGA. Conclusiones: Se encontró una alta frecuencia de EDM en la población estudiada, mayor a la prevalencia descrita en la población general y comparable con otros estudios. Posiblemente sean factores asociados a EDM en pacientes con VIH el trabajo estable como factor protector y el consumo pasado de marihuana como factor de riesgo. Se requiere realizar estudios prospectivos para esclarecer la incidencia y factores asociados a EDM en la población de riesgo estudiada.

          Translated abstract

          Objective: To estimate the frequency of major depressive episode (MDE) and related factors in HIV patients on highly activity antiretroviral treatment (HAART) in Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia (HNCH) in January - February, 2012. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study which addressed 205 outpatients on the HAART service at HNCH who completed a questionnaire that consigned the CES-D scale of 5 items for depressive symptoms in addition to socio-demographic and other independent variables related to HAART. According to sensibility and specificity, we approached to the diagnosis of MDE using a cut-off point of 6 on the CES-D scale. We performed bivariate and multivariate analysis to determine factors related to the frequency of major depressive episode (MDE). Results: The observed MDE frequency in the described population was 27.8%. It was found that stable job (OR=0.16, CI95% [0.03 to 0.86]) and past use of marijuana (OR=4.69, CI95% [1.08 to 20.37]) were significantly related to MDE. There was no relation between having a MDE and sexual orientation, CD4 levels and not being adherent to HAART. Conclusions: A high frequency of MDE was found, higher than the prevalence in the general population and in accordance with the results of several authors. Among the associated factors with MDE in HIV patients, stable job could be a protective factor and past use of marijuana, a risk factor. Prospective studies are required to clarify the incidence and associated factors within this mood disorder in the studied population.

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          Meta-analysis of the relationship between HIV infection and risk for depressive disorders.

          Each of 10 published studies investigating the relationship between HIV infection and risk for depressive disorders concluded that HIV-positive individuals are at no greater risk for depression than comparable HIV-negative individuals. This study used meta-analytic techniques to further examine the relationship between depressive disorders and HIV infection. Meta-analytic techniques were used to aggregate and reanalyze the data from 10 studies that compared HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals for rates of major depressive disorder (N=2,596) or dysthymic disorder (N=1,822). The frequency of major depressive disorder was nearly two times higher in HIV-positive subjects than in HIV-negative comparison subjects. On the other hand, findings were inconclusive with regard to dysthymic disorder. Rates of depression do not appear to be related to the sexual orientation or disease stage of infected individuals. Although the majority of HIV-positive individuals appear to be psychologically resilient, this meta-analysis provides strong evidence that HIV infection is associated with a greater risk for major depressive disorder. Future research should focus on identifying pathways of risk and resilience for depression within this population.
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            Depression and HIV/AIDS treatment nonadherence: a review and meta-analysis.

            We meta-analyzed the relationship between depression and HIV medication nonadherence to calculate the overall effect size and examine potential moderators. Overall, across 95 independent samples, depression was significantly (P < 0.0001) associated with nonadherence (r = 0.19; 95% confidence interval = 0.14 to 0.25). Studies evaluating medication adherence via interview found significantly larger effects than those using self-administered questionnaires. Studies measuring adherence along a continuum found significantly stronger effects than studies comparing dichotomies. Effect size was not significantly related to other aspects of adherence or depression measurement, assessment interval (ie, cross-sectional vs. longitudinal), sex, IV drug use, sexual orientation, or study location. The relationship between depression and HIV treatment nonadherence is consistent across samples and over time, is not limited to those with clinical depression, and is not inflated by self-report bias. Our results suggest that interventions aimed at reducing depressive symptom severity, even at subclinical levels, should be a behavioral research priority.
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              Role of depression, stress, and trauma in HIV disease progression.

              Despite advances in HIV treatment, there continues to be great variability in the progression of this disease. This paper reviews the evidence that depression, stressful life events, and trauma account for some of the variation in HIV disease course. Longitudinal studies both before and after the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) are reviewed. To ensure a complete review, PubMed was searched for all English language articles from January 1990 to July 2007. We found substantial and consistent evidence that chronic depression, stressful events, and trauma may negatively affect HIV disease progression in terms of decreases in CD4 T lymphocytes, increases in viral load, and greater risk for clinical decline and mortality. More research is warranted to investigate biological and behavioral mediators of these psychoimmune relationships, and the types of interventions that might mitigate the negative health impact of chronic depression and trauma. Given the high rates of depression and past trauma in persons living with HIV/AIDS, it is important for healthcare providers to address these problems as part of standard HIV care.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rnp
                Revista de Neuro-Psiquiatría
                Rev Neuropsiquiatr
                Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. Facultad de Medicina (Lima, , Peru )
                0034-8597
                January 2015
                : 78
                : 1
                : 3-13
                Affiliations
                [02] Lima orgnameInstituto Nacional de Salud Mental Honorio Delgado Hideyo Noguchi Perú
                [01] Lima orgnameUniversidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado Perú
                [03] Lima orgnameHospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia Perú
                Article
                S0034-85972015000100002 S0034-8597(15)07800100002
                60f79752-8062-4773-acdd-1b6bff98dfcf

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 23 March 2015
                : 20 January 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 38, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Peru

                Self URI: Texto completo solamente en formato PDF (ES)
                Categories
                Artículos originales

                Depressive Disorder,HIV,HAART,Trastorno depresivo,VIH,terapia antirretroviral altamente activa

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