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      Tomografia computadorizada das células etmoidais intra e extramurais: ensaio iconográfico Translated title: Computed tomography of intra- and extramural ethmoid cells: iconographic essay

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          Abstract

          O desenvolvimento dos seios paranasais é um processo intricado que se inicia na vida intrauterina e termina na idade adulta. Dos seios da face, as células etmoidais são provavelmente as estruturas mais complexas e as que estão associadas com o maior número de variantes da normalidade. Variações no padrão de pneumatização das células etmoidais podem ser divididas em intra ou extramurais. Intramurais são aquelas que ao se desenvolverem mantêm contato com o labirinto etmoidal, e extramurais as que se desenvolvem isoladamente. A tomografia computadorizada é a ferramenta mais útil na avaliação de processos inflamatórios dos seios paranasais. De igual modo, ela é importante para o planejamento pré-operatório e controle pós-operatório, pois possibilita grande detalhe anatômico das estruturas normais e detecção precisa de suas variantes. Neste ensaio iconográfico os autores descrevem as principais variantes da normalidade do labirinto etmoidal e suas relações com estruturas adjacentes. Cirurgias endoscópicas para o tratamento de afecções dos seios paranasais têm-se tornado cada vez menos invasivas, o que certamente aumentará a demanda por relatórios de imagem cada vez mais ricos em detalhes desta região.

          Translated abstract

          The development of the paranasal sinuses is an intricate process that begins in the intrauterine life and terminates in early adulthood. Among the paranasal sinuses, the ethmoid cells or labyrinth are probably the most complex structures, being associated with the highest number of normal variants. Variations in the pattern of pneumatization of the ethmoid cells can be divided into intra- and extramural cells. Intramural cells are those which develop within the ethmoid labyrinth. Extramural cells are those that develop isolatedly. Computed tomography is the most useful tool in the evaluation of inflammatory processes of the paranasal sinuses. Computed tomography also plays a relevant role in the preoperative planning as well as in the postoperative follow-up, since it demonstrates exact anatomical details of normal structures with accuracy in the detection of variants. In the present pictorial essay, the authors describe the most common anatomical variants of the ethmoid labyrinth and their relationship with adjacent structures. Endoscopic sinonasal surgery has become increasingly less invasive, requiring more detailed anatomical imaging of this region.

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          Anatomic variants in sinonasal CT.

          W Earwaker (1993)
          The computed tomographic scans obtained in a series of 800 patients referred for evaluation for functional endoscopic sinus surgery were examined to determine the prevalence and significance of anatomic variants. Fifty-two normal variants were identified within two major groupings of primary bony abnormalities and sinus air cell extensions. Although 743 (93%) patients had one or more variants, the nature of the variants in many instances was such that 325 (41%) patients could be considered "endoscopically" normal. Among the remaining cases, variations of the septum and middle turbinates, with or without anterior ethmoid sinus extensions, were found, usually in recognizable combinations, that could produce significant obstruction of the drainage pathways. However, where such obstructive patterns existed, an equal prevalence of patients with and without sinus disease was found in the presence of the same variant combination. Thus, the presence of anatomic variations, singly or in combination, does not represent a disease state per se.
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            Surgical causes of failure in endoscopic sinus surgery.

            Evaluate causes of surgical failure at time of revision endoscopic sinus surgery. Prospective review of 682 cases that had endoscopic sinus surgery performed between 1991 and 1995. In all cases, variables of age, sex, asthma, allergy, computed tomography stage, associated procedures, complications, and operative findings were collected. Those cases that had a failure after a previous endoscopic sinus procedure and not an intranasal procedure or an external procedure were evaluated. Fifty-two patients (7.6%) were identified. The age range was 24 to 70 years. The most common cause of failure was residual air cells and adhesions in the ethmoid area (30.7%), followed by maxillary sinus ostium stenosis in 27%, frontal sinus ostium stenosis in 25%, and a separate maxillary sinus ostium stenosis in 15% of the cases. Review of surgical causes of failure in endoscopic sinus surgery patients revealed that residual air cells and stenotic maxillary or frontal sinus ostium were the most common causes of failures.
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              The reliability of computerized tomographic detection of the Onodi (Sphenoethmoid) cell

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rb
                Radiologia Brasileira
                Radiol Bras
                Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem (São Paulo )
                1678-7099
                October 2011
                : 44
                : 5
                : 321-326
                Affiliations
                [1 ] McGill University Canada
                [2 ] Benemérita Sociedade de Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S0100-39842011000500011
                10.1590/S0100-39842011000500011
                60b90675-f009-43c1-ae70-57e3d3eb3ec6

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0100-3984&lng=en
                Categories
                RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING

                Radiology & Imaging
                Computed tomography,Ethmoid sinus,Tomografia computadorizada,Seio etmoidal
                Radiology & Imaging
                Computed tomography, Ethmoid sinus, Tomografia computadorizada, Seio etmoidal

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