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      Streptococcus sanguinis biofilm formation & interaction with oral pathogens

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          Abstract

          Caries and periodontitis are the two most common human dental diseases and are caused by dysbiosis of oral flora. Although commensal microorganisms have been demonstrated to protect against pathogens and promote oral health, most previous studies have addressed pathogenesis rather than commensalism. Streptococcus sanguinis is a commensal bacterium that is abundant in the oral biofilm and whose presence is correlated with health. Here, we focus on the mechanism of biofilm formation in S. sanguinis and the interaction of S. sanguinis with caries- and periodontitis-associated pathogens. In addition, since S. sanguinis is well known as a cause of infective endocarditis, we discuss the relationship between S. sanguinis biofilm formation and its pathogenicity in endocarditis.

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          Most cited references156

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          Periodontitis: a polymicrobial disruption of host homeostasis.

          Periodontitis, or gum disease, affects millions of people each year. Although it is associated with a defined microbial composition found on the surface of the tooth and tooth root, the contribution of bacteria to disease progression is poorly understood. Commensal bacteria probably induce a protective response that prevents the host from developing disease. However, several bacterial species found in plaque (the 'red-complex' bacteria: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola) use various mechanisms to interfere with host defence mechanisms. Furthermore, disease may result from 'community-based' attack on the host. Here, I describe the interaction of the host immune system with the oral bacteria in healthy states and in diseased states.
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            The subgingival microbiome in health and periodontitis and its relationship with community biomass and inflammation.

            The goals of this study were to better understand the ecology of oral subgingival communities in health and periodontitis and elucidate the relationship between inflammation and the subgingival microbiome. Accordingly, we used 454-pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene libraries and quantitative PCR to characterize the subgingival microbiome of 22 subjects with chronic periodontitis. Each subject was sampled at two sites with similar periodontal destruction but differing in the presence of bleeding, a clinical indicator of increased inflammation. Communities in periodontitis were also compared with those from 10 healthy individuals. In periodontitis, presence of bleeding was not associated with different α-diversity or with a distinct microbiome, however, bleeding sites showed higher total bacterial load. In contrast, communities in health and periodontitis largely differed, with higher diversity and biomass in periodontitis. Shifts in community structure from health to periodontitis resembled ecological succession, with emergence of newly dominant taxa in periodontitis without replacement of primary health-associated species. That is, periodontitis communities had higher proportions of Spirochetes, Synergistetes, Firmicutes and Chloroflexi, among other taxa, while the proportions of Actinobacteria, particularly Actinomyces, were higher in health. Total Actinomyces load, however, remained constant from health to periodontitis. Moreover, an association existed between biomass and community structure in periodontitis, with the proportion of specific taxa correlating with bacterial load. Our study provides a global-scale framework for the ecological events in subgingival communities that underline the development of periodontitis. The association, in periodontitis, between inflammation, community biomass and community structure and their role in disease progression warrant further investigation.
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              Microbial ecology of dental plaque and its significance in health and disease.

              P.D. Marsh (1994)
              Dental plaque forms naturally on teeth and is of benefit to the host by helping to prevent colonization by exogenous species. The bacterial composition of plaque remains relatively stable despite regular exposure to minor environmental perturbations. This stability (microbial homeostasis) is due in part to a dynamic balance of both synergistic and antagonistic microbial interactions. However, homeostasis can break down, leading to shifts in the balance of the microflora, thereby predisposing sites to disease. For example, the frequent exposure of plaque to low pH leads to inhibition of acid-sensitive species and the selection of organisms with an aciduric physiology, such as mutans streptococci and lactobacilli. Similarly, plaque accumulation around the gingival margin leads to an inflammatory host response and an increased flow of gingival crevicular fluid. The subgingival microflora shifts from being mainly Gram-positive to being comprised of increased levels of obligately anaerobic, asaccharolytic Gram-negative organisms. It is proposed that disease can be prevented or treated not only by targeting the putative pathogens but also by interfering with the processes that drive the breakdown in homeostasis. Thus, the rate of acid production following sugar intake could be reduced by fluoride, alternative sweeteners, and low concentrations of antimicrobial agents, while oxygenating or redox agents could raise the Eh of periodontal pockets and prevent the growth and metabolism of obligately anaerobic species. These views have been incorporated into a modified hypothesis (the "ecological plaque hypothesis") to explain the relationship between the plaque microflora and the host in health and disease, and to identify new strategies for disease prevention.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Future Microbiol
                Future Microbiol
                FMB
                Future Microbiology
                Future Medicine Ltd (London, UK )
                1746-0913
                1746-0921
                June 2018
                08 June 2018
                08 June 2018
                : 13
                : 8
                : 915-932
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
                [2 ]Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
                [3 ]Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
                Author notes
                *Author for correspondence: pxu@ 123456vcu.edu
                Article
                10.2217/fmb-2018-0043
                6060398
                29882414
                60546281-60c3-4586-8e62-f471980ec910
                © 2018 Ping Xu

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial NonDerivative 4.0 Unported License

                History
                : 02 February 2018
                : 14 March 2018
                : 08 June 2018
                Categories
                Review

                biofilm,oral microbiota,streptococcus sanguinis
                biofilm, oral microbiota, streptococcus sanguinis

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