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      The social context of the emergence, development and abandonment of the Varna cemetery, Bulgaria

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          Abstract

          In this article we outline some of the key characteristics of the social structure of the Climax Copper Age in the eastern Balkans and the contributions of the Varna cemetery to those developments. We continue by examining the implications of the new series of 21 AMS dates from the Oxford Radiocarbon Laboratory, which represent the first dates for the Varna Eneolithic cemetery on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. Representing the first phase of the AMS dating project for the Varna I cemetery, these dates have been selected to provide a range of different grave locations, ranges of grave goods, and age/gender associations. We conclude by addressing the question of the unexpectedly early start of the cemetery, as well as its apparently short duration and relatively rapid demise.

          Abstract

          Dans cet article sont décrits quelques-uns des aspects les plus caractéristiques de la structure sociale durant l'apogée de l'âge du Bronze des Balkans orientaux, ainsi que le rôle qu'a joué le cimetière de Varna dans ces développements. Les implications des nouvelles séries de dates AMS 14 du Oxford Radiocarbon Laboratory, qui constituent les premières datations du cimetière énéolithique de Varna sur la côte bulgare de la Mer Noire, sont analysées par la suite. Ces dates représentant la première phase du projet de datation AMS du cimetière de Varna I ont été sélectionnées afin de couvrir un éventail de différents emplacements, de mobilier funéraire distinct et d'associations variées de sexe et d'âge. La question de la première phase du cimetière, nettement plus ancienne que présumée, sa durée apparemment relativement courte et sa fin relativement abrupte seront abordées pour clore ce chapitre.

          Zusammenfassung

          In diesem Beitrag werden einige Schlüsselcharakteristika der Sozialstruktur während des Höhepunktes der Kupferzeit auf dem Ostbalkan und der Einfluss des Gräberfeldes von Varna auf diese Entwicklungen umrissen. Weiterhin werden die Ergebnisse einer neuen Serie von 14 AMS-Daten des Oxford Radiocarbon Laboratory untersucht, die die ersten Daten der äneolithischen Nekropole von Varna an der bulgarischen Schwarzmeerküste darstellen. Als erste Phase des AMS-Datierungsprojektes des Gräberfeldes Varna I wurden diese Daten ausgewählt, um eine Reihe von verschiedenen Grabplätzen und unterschiedlichen Grabbeigaben zu untersuchen sowie um Problemkreise von Alter bzw. Gender thematisieren zu können. Abschließend werden die Fragen des unerwartet frühen Beginns der Nekropole wie auch ihrer offensichtlich kurzen Laufzeit und relativ schnellen Aufgabe diskutiert.

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          Development of the Radiocarbon Calibration Program

          This paper highlights some of the main developments to the radiocarbon calibration program, OxCal. In addition to many cosmetic changes, the latest version of OxCal uses some different algorithms for the treatment of multiple phases. The theoretical framework behind these is discussed and some model calculations demonstrated. Significant changes have also been made to the sampling algorithms used which improve the convergence of the Bayesian analysis. The convergence itself is also reported in a more comprehensive way so that problems can be traced to specific parts of the model. The use of convergence data, and other techniques for testing the implications of particular models, are described.
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            Intcal04 Terrestrial Radiocarbon Age Calibration, 0–26 Cal Kyr BP

            A new calibration curve for the conversion of radiocarbon ages to calibrated (cal) ages has been constructed and internationally ratified to replace IntCal98, which extended from 0–24 cal kyr BP (Before Present, 0 cal BP = AD 1950). The new calibration data set for terrestrial samples extends from 0–26 cal kyr BP, but with much higher resolution beyond 11.4 cal kyr BP than IntCal98. Dendrochronologically-dated tree-ring samples cover the period from 0–12.4 cal kyr BP. Beyond the end of the tree rings, data from marine records (corals and foraminifera) are converted to the atmospheric equivalent with a site-specific marine reservoir correction to provide terrestrial calibration from 12.4–26.0 cal kyr B P. A substantial enhancement relative to IntCal98 is the introduction of a coherent statistical approach based on a random walk model, which takes into account the uncertainty in both the calendar age and the14C age to calculate the underlying calibration curve (Buck and Blackwell, this issue). The tree-ring data sets, sources of uncertainty, and regional offsets are discussed here. The marine data sets and calibration curve for marine samples from the surface mixed layer (Marine04) are discussed in brief, but details are presented in Hughen et al. (this issue a). We do not make a recommendation for calibration beyond 26 cal kyr BP at this time; however, potential calibration data sets are compared in another paper (van der Plicht et al., this issue).
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              A Marine Reservoir Correction Database and On-Line Interface

              Calibration is essential for interpretation of radiocarbon dates, especially when the14C dates are compared to historical or climatic records with a different chronological basis.14C ages of samples from the marine environment, such as shells or fish bones, or samples with a marine component, such as human bone in coastal regions, require an additional consideration because of the reservoir age of the ocean. While the pre-industrial global mean reservoir correction, R(t), is about 400 years, local variations (ΔR) can be several hundred years or more. ΔR compilations on a global scale have been undertaken previously (Stuiver et al. 1986; Stuiver and Braziunas 1993), but have not been updated recently. Here we describe an on-line reservoir correction database accessed via mapping software. Rather than publishing a static ΔR compilation, new data will be incorporated when it becomes available. The on-line marine reservoir correction database can be accessed at the websitehttp://www.calib.org/.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                European Journal of Archaeology
                Eur. j. archaeol.
                SAGE Publications
                1461-9571
                1741-2722
                2006
                January 25 2017
                2006
                : 9
                : 2-3
                : 159-183
                Article
                10.1177/1461957107086121
                5f983a48-9ebb-4fea-8fc8-f5e501405b20
                © 2006

                https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms

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