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      Antiphotoaging and Antimelanogenic Effects of Penthorum chinense Pursh Ethanol Extract due to Antioxidant- and Autophagy-Inducing Properties

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          Abstract

          Ethnopharmacological Relevance. Penthorum chinense Pursh (Penthoraceae) is a traditional herbal plant that has been used in China for the treatment of jaundice, cholecystitis, edema, and infectious hepatitis. In addition, the Korea Medicinal Plant Dictionary states that Penthorum chinense Pursh can be used to treat contusions and skin bruises by improving blood flow. Recent studies have shown that Penthorum chinense Pursh ethanol extract (Pc-EE) exhibits strong antioxidant effects. In this study, we examined the effects of Pc-EE on UVB-induced or H 2O 2-induced oxidative stress, as well as its antimelanogenic properties. Cell viability, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, cyclooxygenease-2 (COX-2), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression and moisturizing factors were investigated in keratinocytes. Collagen synthesis induction was measured in HEK293T cells. For melanogenesis, the effects of Pc-EE on melanin content and tyrosinase activity were measured. Additionally, the antimelanogenic- and autophagy-inducing activities of Pc-EE were examined using immunoblotting and confocal microscopy. Pc-EE protected HaCaT cells against death from UVB irradiation- or H 2O 2-induced oxidative stress. Pc-EE increased the promoter activity of the type 1 procollagen gene Col1A1 and decreased the expression of MMPs, COX-2, IL-6, and hyaluronidase induced by UVB irradiation- or H 2O 2-induced oxidative stress. Pc-EE showed a strong antioxidant effect in the DPPH assay. In α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone- ( α-MSH-) stimulated B16F10 cells, Pc-EE reduced melanin production, decreased tyrosinase expression and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) protein levels, and decreased the phosphorylation levels of p38 and JNK. In HEK293T cells, Pc-EE promoted the expression of GFP-LC3B. In B16F10 cells, the LC3B and melanin contents were reduced by Pc-EE and were restored by the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA). These results suggest that Pc-EE can be used as a skin protection agent due to its antiapoptotic, antiaging, anti-inflammatory, and antimelanogenic properties.

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          Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of skin disease.

          Skin is the largest body organ that serves as an important environmental interface providing a protective envelope that is crucial for homeostasis. On the other hand, the skin is a major target for toxic insult by a broad spectrum of physical (i.e. UV radiation) and chemical (xenobiotic) agents that are capable of altering its structure and function. Many environmental pollutants are either themselves oxidants or catalyze the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) directly or indirectly. ROS are believed to activate proliferative and cell survival signaling that can alter apoptotic pathways that may be involved in the pathogenesis of a number of skin disorders including photosensitivity diseases and some types of cutaneous malignancy. ROS act largely by driving several important molecular pathways that play important roles in diverse pathologic processes including ischemia-reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis, and inflammatory responses. The skin possesses an array of defense mechanisms that interact with toxicants to obviate their deleterious effect. These include non-enzymatic and enzymatic molecules that function as potent antioxidants or oxidant-degrading systems. Unfortunately, these homeostatic defenses, although highly effective, have limited capacity and can be overwhelmed thereby leading to increased ROS in the skin that can foster the development of dermatological diseases. One approach to preventing or treating these ROS-mediated disorders is based on the administration of various antioxidants in an effort to restore homeostasis. Although many antioxidants have shown substantive efficacy in cell culture systems and in animal models of oxidant injury, unequivocal confirmation of their beneficial effects in human populations has proven elusive.
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            Hyaluronic acid: A key molecule in skin aging

            Skin aging is a multifactorial process consisting of two distinct and independent mechanisms: intrinsic and extrinsic aging. Youthful skin retains its turgor, resilience and pliability, among others, due to its high content of water. Daily external injury, in addition to the normal process of aging, causes loss of moisture. The key molecule involved in skin moisture is hyaluronic acid (HA) that has unique capacity in retaining water. There are multiple sites for the control of HA synthesis, deposition, cell and protein association and degradation, reflecting the complexity of HA metabolism. The enzymes that synthesize or catabolize HA and HA receptors responsible for many of the functions of HA are all multigene families with distinct patterns of tissue expression. Understanding the metabolism of HA in the different layers of the skin and the interactions of HA with other skin components will facilitate the ability to modulate skin moisture in a rational manner.
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              Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of quercetin and its derivatives

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Oxid Med Cell Longev
                Oxid Med Cell Longev
                OMCL
                Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
                Hindawi
                1942-0900
                1942-0994
                2019
                3 April 2019
                : 2019
                : 9679731
                Affiliations
                1Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
                2Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
                3Skin Science Research Institute, Kolmar Korea Co. Ltd., Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Republic of Korea
                4Institute for Healthcare and Life Science, International St. Mary's Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Republic of Korea
                5Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Demetrios Kouretas

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9092-9662
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5073-2619
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1861-5543
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4409-0592
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0327-6745
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8141-9927
                Article
                10.1155/2019/9679731
                6470456
                31073356
                5f6c863e-1006-4eda-b76e-93e302651839
                Copyright © 2019 Deok Jeong et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 22 November 2018
                : 28 January 2019
                : 10 February 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: Kolmar Korea Co. Ltd. Research Center
                Funded by: Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning
                Award ID: 2017R1A6A1A03015642
                Award ID: 2016R1D1A1B03932512
                Categories
                Research Article

                Molecular medicine
                Molecular medicine

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