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      Eficacia de los agentes hemostáticos para el control de hemorragias externas en sanidad militar Translated title: Effectiveness of hemostatic agents to control external bleeding in military health

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción: Es creciente el uso de nuevos agentes hemostáticos para controlar la hemorragia en entornos militares. Objetivos: Sintetizar y analizar la evidencia disponible sobre la eficacia de diferentes agentes hemostáticos utilizados en ambientes tácticos, transportados por los combatientes del ejército. Desarrollo: Se realizó una revisión narrativa de artículos publicados en inglés y español, en las bases de datos Medline (PubMed), Cochrane, Web of Science y en revistas, protocolos, libros y manuales del ámbito de urgencias y emergencias en el campo de batalla, que analizaron el fenómeno de estudio y cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Tras la búsqueda y selección de los estudios, 7 artículos fueron incluidos en la síntesis narrativa. En los estudios se utilizaron los siguientes agentes hemostáticos QuikClot®, HemCon®, Celox® y el ChitoGauze HemCon®; en la mayoría de los estudios, los agentes hemostáticos tuvieron una eficacia superior al 88 % para detener, disminuir y controlar la hemorragia externa en víctimas de combate, sobre todo en zonas de unión (articulaciones) y para reducir la morbilidad y mortalidad. Solo QuikClot® tuvo efectos secundarios negativos, al provocar quemaduras. El correcto manejo de los agentes hemostáticos requiere de formación previa, lo que evita errores de administración. Conclusiones: Los agentes hemostáticos son eficaces para el abordaje de la hemorragia externa y aumentan la supervivencia en víctimas de combate. Es necesario formar a los profesionales para evitar errores en su manejo. Futuros estudios deben indagar cuál de estos agentes es más eficaz.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction: The use of new hemostatic agents to control hemorrhage in military environments is growing. Objectives: To synthesize and analyze the available evidence about the effectiveness of the different hemostatic agents utilized in tactical environments that are transported by army fighters. Development: A narrative review of articles published in English and Spanish, in Medline (PubMed), Cochrane and Web of Science, and magazines, protocols, books, and manuals in the field of emergency and battlefield emergencies, who analyzed the study phenomenon and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. After searching and selecting the studies, 7 articles were included in the narrative synthesis. In the studies, the following hemostatic agents were used QuikClot®, HemCon®, Celox®, and ChitoGauze HemCon®, in most studies, hemostatic agents were more than 88 % effective in stopping, reducing, and controlling external hemorrhage in combat victims, especially in union areas, also decreasing morbidity and mortality. Only QuikClot® had negative side effects causing burns. The correct handling of hemostatic agents requires prior training, which avoids administration mistakes. Conclusions: Hemostatic agents are effective for treating external hemorrhage in combat victims and increasing their survival. It is necessary to train professionals to avoid mistakes in their handling. Future studies should investigate which of these agents is more effective.

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          Most cited references26

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          European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015: Section 1. Executive summary.

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            A special report on the chitosan-based hemostatic dressing: experience in current combat operations.

            Hemorrhage remains a leading cause of death in both civilian and military trauma patients. The HemCon chitosan-based hemostatic dressing is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for hemorrhage control. Animal data have shown the HemCon dressing to reduce hemorrhage and improve survival. The purpose of this article is to report preliminary results of the hemostatic efficacy of the HemCon dressing used in the prehospital setting on combat casualties. A request for case information on use of HemCon dressings in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom was sent to deployed Special Forces combat medics, physicians, and physician assistants. Sixty-eight uses of the HemCon dressing were reported and reviewed by two US Army physicians. Four of the 68 cases were determined duplicative resulting in a total of 64 combat uses. Dressings were utilized externally on the chest, groin, buttock, and abdomen in 25 cases; on extremities in 35 cases; and on neck or facial wounds in 4 cases. In 66% of cases, dressings were utilized following gauze failure and were 100% successful. In 62 (97%) of the cases, the use of the HemCon dressing resulted in cessation of bleeding or improvement in hemostasis. There were two reported dressing failures that occurred with blind application of bandages up into large cavitational injuries. Dressings were reported to be most useful on areas where tourniquets could not be applied to control bleeding. The dressings were reported to be most difficult to use in extremity injuries where they could not be placed easily onto or into the wounds. No complications or adverse events were reported. This report on the field use of the HemCon dressing by medics suggests that it is a useful hemostatic dressing for prehospital combat casualties and supports further study to confirm efficacy.
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              Experience with chitosan dressings in a civilian EMS system.

              The HemCon Bandage (HemCon Medical Technologies Inc., Portland, OR) is a hemostatic dressing made of chitosan, a complex carbohydrate derived from chitin. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the HemCon Bandage in a civilian emergency medical services system. The HemCon Bandage was added to the trauma kits of a fire agency and data were collected from June 1, 2005 to August 31, 2006. The dressing was to be used when conventional treatment (pressure and gauze dressings) failed to control external bleeding wounds or for obvious arterial bleeding. Paramedics documented time to cessation of bleeding after HemCon Bandage application as well as wound characteristics and suspected bleeding type. There were 37 uses and complete data were available for 34 cases. Wound location involved the head, neck, or face in 13 subjects and extremities in 18 subjects. There was one case each involving the chest, abdomen, and axilla. The bandage controlled hemorrhage in 27/34 (79%) cases, 25/34 (74%) within 3 min of application. In 25/34 cases, direct pressure had initially failed to control bleeding and the HemCon Bandage was effective in 19/25 (76%). The HemCon Bandage failed to stop bleeding within 10 min in 7 cases. User error was a factor in 6 of the 7 failures. The HemCon Bandage is an effective adjunct for uncontrolled external hemorrhage when traditional measures, such as pressure and gauze dressings, fail.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                mil
                Revista Cubana de Medicina Militar
                Rev Cub Med Mil
                ECIMED (Ciudad de la Habana, , Cuba )
                0138-6557
                1561-3046
                June 2021
                : 50
                : 2
                : e1166
                Affiliations
                [2] orgnameUniversidad de Castilla-La Mancha orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud España
                [1] orgnameHospital Nuestra Señora del Prado orgdiv1Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha España
                Article
                S0138-65572021000200029 S0138-6557(21)05000200029
                5f680cc1-fe22-4b73-b344-925a7cd55ec1

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 28 December 2020
                : 02 April 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 26, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Cuba

                Categories
                ARTÍCULOS DE REVISIÓN

                hemorragia,guerra,hemostático,eficacia,atención de apoyo vital avanzado en trauma,warfare,hemorrhage,hemostatic,effectiveness,advanced trauma life support care

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