Suicidal Ideation, Cognitive Control, and Sleep in Veterans in a Residential Treatment Facility: A Pilot Study

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ABSTRACT

Introduction

Sleep disorder symptoms are associated with suicidal ideation, and wakefulness in the middle of the night is associated with an increased risk for suicide, potentially due to deficits in cognitive control. Little is known about daily‐level associations among sleep and suicide or about the role of cognitive control in these associations.

Methods

Veterans ( n = 32) with past‐month suicidal ideation in a residential treatment unit were assessed for 28 days using the suicide visual analogue scale (S‐VAS) to assess suicidal urges, a daily sleep diary, and self‐reported cognitive control.

Results

Wakefulness in the middle of the night (1–4 a.m.) was associated with the most severe suicidal ideation. Nocturnal wakefulness and sleep quality were each associated with next‐day suicidal ideation intensity. Self‐reported cognitive control deficits were associated with more intense suicidal ideation. The association between nocturnal wakefulness and suicidal ideation was partially accounted for by self‐reported impulsive behavior (7% of variance).

Conclusions

Veterans reported the highest suicidal ideation in the middle of the night. These findings suggest the importance of assessing sleep, suicidal ideation, and cognitive control among veterans and the need to consider nocturnal wakefulness as an indicator of heightened risk for suicide among veterans.

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Most cited references 34

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Risk factors for suicidal thoughts and behaviors: A meta-analysis of 50 years of research.

Joseph Franklin, Jessica Ribeiro, Kathryn Fox … (2017)

Suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) are major public health problems that have not declined appreciably in several decades. One of the first steps to improving the prevention and treatment of STBs is to establish risk factors (i.e., longitudinal predictors). To provide a summary of current knowledge about risk factors, we conducted a meta-analysis of studies that have attempted to longitudinally predict a specific STB-related outcome. This included 365 studies (3,428 total risk factor effect sizes) from the past 50 years. The present random-effects meta-analysis produced several unexpected findings: across odds ratio, hazard ratio, and diagnostic accuracy analyses, prediction was only slightly better than chance for all outcomes; no broad category or subcategory accurately predicted far above chance levels; predictive ability has not improved across 50 years of research; studies rarely examined the combined effect of multiple risk factors; risk factors have been homogenous over time, with 5 broad categories accounting for nearly 80% of all risk factor tests; and the average study was nearly 10 years long, but longer studies did not produce better prediction. The homogeneity of existing research means that the present meta-analysis could only speak to STB risk factor associations within very narrow methodological limits-limits that have not allowed for tests that approximate most STB theories. The present meta-analysis accordingly highlights several fundamental changes needed in future studies. In particular, these findings suggest the need for a shift in focus from risk factors to machine learning-based risk algorithms. (PsycINFO Database Record

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The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations.

R M Baron, D A Kenny (1986)

In this article, we attempt to distinguish between the properties of moderator and mediator variables at a number of levels. First, we seek to make theorists and researchers aware of the importance of not using the terms moderator and mediator interchangeably by carefully elaborating, both conceptually and strategically, the many ways in which moderators and mediators differ. We then go beyond this largely pedagogical function and delineate the conceptual and strategic implications of making use of such distinctions with regard to a wide range of phenomena, including control and stress, attitudes, and personality traits. We also provide a specific compendium of analytic procedures appropriate for making the most effective use of the moderator and mediator distinction, both separately and in terms of a broader causal system that includes both moderators and mediators.

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The consensus sleep diary: standardizing prospective sleep self-monitoring.

Colleen Carney, Daniel J. Buysse, Sonia Ancoli-Israel … (2012)

To present an expert consensus, standardized, patient-informed sleep diary. Sleep diaries from the original expert panel of 25 attendees of the Pittsburgh Assessment Conference(1) were collected and reviewed. A smaller subset of experts formed a committee and reviewed the compiled diaries. Items deemed essential were included in a Core sleep diary, and those deemed optional were retained for an expanded diary. Secondly, optional items would be available in other versions. A draft of the Core and optional versions along with a feedback questionnaire were sent to members of the Pittsburgh Assessment Conference. The feedback from the group was integrated and the diary drafts were subjected to 6 focus groups composed of good sleepers, people with insomnia, and people with sleep apnea. The data were summarized into themes and changes to the drafts were made in response to the focus groups. The resultant draft was evaluated by another focus group and subjected to lexile analyses. The lexile analyses suggested that the Core diary instructions are at a sixth-grade reading level and the Core diary was written at a third-grade reading level. The Consensus Sleep Diary was the result of collaborations with insomnia experts and potential users. The adoption of a standard sleep diary for insomnia will facilitate comparisons across studies and advance the field. The proposed diary is intended as a living document which still needs to be tested, refined, and validated.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Lily A. Brown: lilybr@pennmedicine.upenn.edu

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Suicide Life Threat Behav

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Suicide Life Threat Behav

Journal ID (doi): 10.1111/(ISSN)1943-278X

Journal ID (publisher-id): SLTB

Title: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior

Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )

ISSN (Print): 0363-0234

ISSN (Electronic): 1943-278X

Publication date (Electronic): 01 April 2025

Publication date (Print): April 2025

Volume: 55

Issue: 2 ( doiID: 10.1111/sltb.v55.2 )

Electronic Location Identifier: e70011

Affiliations

[ ¹ ] Department of Psychiatry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA

[ ² ] Coatesville VA Medical Center Coatesville Pennsylvania USA

[ ³ ] Psychological and Brain Sciences University of Delaware Newark Delaware USA

Author notes

[*] [* ] Correspondence:

Lily A. Brown ( lilybr@ 123456pennmedicine.upenn.edu )

Article

Publisher ID: SLTB70011 Other ID: 2024-SLTB-0481.R2

DOI: 10.1111/sltb.70011

PMC ID: 11959678

PubMed ID: 40166987

SO-VID: 5f5eda32-d16f-4240-bd27-f29e1a47f66d

License:

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

History

Date revision received : 11 February 2025

Date received : 13 November 2024

Date accepted : 12 February 2025

Page count

Figures: 0, Tables: 1, Pages: 7, Words: 6100

Funding

Funded by: National Institute of Mental Health , doi 10.13039/100000025;

Award ID: R01 MH132740‐01

Award ID: 1P50MH127511‐0

Award ID: P30 MH 097488

Award ID: R21MH123888

Custom metadata

source-schema-version-number 2.0

cover-date April 2025

details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.5.4 mode:remove_FC converted:01.04.2025

Keywords: cognitive control,sleep disorders,suicide,veterans

Data availability:

Keywords: cognitive control, sleep disorders, suicide, veterans

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Suicidal Ideation, Cognitive Control, and Sleep in Veterans in a Residential Treatment Facility: A Pilot Study

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ABSTRACT

Introduction

Methods

Results

Conclusions

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Communication Through Coherence

Most cited references 34

Risk factors for suicidal thoughts and behaviors: A meta-analysis of 50 years of research.

The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations.

The consensus sleep diary: standardizing prospective sleep self-monitoring.

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