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      Patient safety in primary health care and polypharmacy: cross-sectional survey among patients with chronic diseases* Translated title: Segurança do paciente e polimedicação na Atenção Primária à Saúde: pesquisa transversal em pacientes com doenças crônicas Translated title: Seguridad del paciente y polimedicación en la Atención Primaria de Salud: estudio transversal en pacientes con enfermedades crónicas

      research-article
      1 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 3 , 3
      Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem
      Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto / Universidade de São Paulo
      Pharmacoepidemiology, Polypharmacy, Potentially Inappropriate Medication List, Primary Health Care, Patient Safety, Chronic Disease, Farmacoepidemiologia, Polifarmácia, Lista de Medicamentos Potencialmente Inapropriados, Atenção Primária à Saúde, Segurança do Paciente, Doença Crônica, Farmacoepidemiología, Polifarmacia, Lista de Medicamentos Potencialmente Inapropiados, Atención Primaria de Salud, Seguridad del Paciente, Enfermedad Crónica

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          Abstract

          Objective:

          to characterize and determine the polypharmacy prevalence in patients with chronic diseases and to identify the factors associated, in order to improvement of pharmaceutical care focused on patient safety.

          Methods:

          cross-sectional study included 558 patients, covered by primary health care, using a household and structured questionnaire. We analyzed the data on polypharmacy and its clinical and socioeconomic factors. Poisson regression analysis with robust variance was applied, with results expressed in prevalence ratio.

          Results:

          the results showed that polypharmacy (consumption of four or more drugs) was of 37.6%. The prevalence ratio analyses identified independent variables associated with polypharmacy: age (3.05), economic strata (0.33), way of medication acquisition through a combination of out-of-pocket and Brazilian public health system (1.44), diabetes and hypertension (2.11), comorbidities (coronary artery disease 2.26) and hospital admission (1.73). In the analyses, inappropriate medication use of the 278 patients (≥ 65 years) was associated with polypharmacy (prevalence ratio 4.04).

          Conclusion:

          polypharmacy study becomes an opportunity to guide the strategies for the patient safety to promote the medication without harm in chronic diseases.

          Translated abstract

          Objetivo:

          caracterizar e determinar a prevalência de polimedicação em pacientes com doenças crônicas e identificar os fatores associados, buscando a melhoria da assistência farmacêutica com foco na segurança do paciente.

          Métodos:

          estudo transversal que incluiu 558 pacientes, cobertos pela Atenção Primária à Saúde, utilizando questionário estruturado aplicado em domícilio. Analisamos os dados sobre polimedicação, assim como seus fatores clínicos e socioeconômicos. A análise de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta foi aplicada, com resultados expressos em razão de prevalência.

          Resultados:

          os resultados mostraram que a prevalência de polimedicação (consumo rotineiro ou simultâneo de quatro ou mais medicamentos) foi de 37,6%. As análises de razão de prevalência identificaram as seguintes variáveis independentes associadas à polimedicação: idade (3,05), estrato econômico (0,33), forma de aquisição de medicamentos, que combinou compra do próprio bolso e acesso a partir do sistema de saúde pública brasileiro (1,44), diabetes e hipertensão (2,11), comorbidades (doença arterial coronariana, 2,26) e internação hospitalar (1,73). As análises mostraram que o uso inadequado de medicamentos por parte de 278 pacientes (≥ 65 anos) estava associado à polimedicação (razão de prevalência 4,04).

          Conclusão:

          o estudo da polimedicação é uma oportunidade para reorientar as estratégias de segurança do paciente, promovendo o uso de medicação adequada sem causar iatrogenia.

          Translated abstract

          Objetivo:

          caracterizar y determinar la prevalencia de la polimedicación en pacientes con enfermedades crónicas e identificar los factores asociados, para mejorar la atención farmacéutica con un enfoque en la seguridad del paciente.

          Métodos:

          estudio transversal en el que participaron 558 pacientes, atendidos en la Atención Primaria de Salud, y que utilizó un cuestionario estructurado aplicado en el hogar. Se analizaron los datos sobre polimedicación, así como sus factores clínicos y socioeconómicos. Se aplicó el análisis de regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta, con resultados expresados como razones de prevalencia.

          Resultados:

          los resultados revelaron que la prevalencia de la polimedicación (consumo rutinario o simultáneo de cuatro o más medicamentos) fue del 37,6%. Los análisis de la razón de prevalencia identificaron las siguientes variables independientes asociadas con la polimedicación: edad (3,05); estrato económico (0,33); medios para comprar medicamentos, que combinó la compra por el propio usuario y su acceso desde el sistema de salud público brasileño (1,44); diabetes e hipertensión (2,11); comorbilidades (enfermedad coronaria, 2,26) y hospitalización (1,73). Los análisis revelaron que el uso inadecuado de medicamentos por 278 pacientes (≥ 65 años) estuvo asociado con la polimedicación (razón de prevalencia 4,04).

          Conclusión:

          el estudio sobre la polimedicación es una oportunidad para reorientar las estrategias de seguridad del paciente, promoviendo un uso adecuado de la medicación sin causarles grandes daños.

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          Most cited references43

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          Epidemiology of multimorbidity and implications for health care, research, and medical education: a cross-sectional study.

          Long-term disorders are the main challenge facing health-care systems worldwide, but health systems are largely configured for individual diseases rather than multimorbidity. We examined the distribution of multimorbidity, and of comorbidity of physical and mental health disorders, in relation to age and socioeconomic deprivation. In a cross-sectional study we extracted data on 40 morbidities from a database of 1,751,841 people registered with 314 medical practices in Scotland as of March, 2007. We analysed the data according to the number of morbidities, disorder type (physical or mental), sex, age, and socioeconomic status. We defined multimorbidity as the presence of two or more disorders. 42·2% (95% CI 42·1-42·3) of all patients had one or more morbidities, and 23·2% (23·08-23·21) were multimorbid. Although the prevalence of multimorbidity increased substantially with age and was present in most people aged 65 years and older, the absolute number of people with multimorbidity was higher in those younger than 65 years (210,500 vs 194,996). Onset of multimorbidity occurred 10-15 years earlier in people living in the most deprived areas compared with the most affluent, with socioeconomic deprivation particularly associated with multimorbidity that included mental health disorders (prevalence of both physical and mental health disorder 11·0%, 95% CI 10·9-11·2% in most deprived area vs 5·9%, 5·8%-6·0% in least deprived). The presence of a mental health disorder increased as the number of physical morbidities increased (adjusted odds ratio 6·74, 95% CI 6·59-6·90 for five or more disorders vs 1·95, 1·93-1·98 for one disorder), and was much greater in more deprived than in less deprived people (2·28, 2·21-2·32 vs 1·08, 1·05-1·11). Our findings challenge the single-disease framework by which most health care, medical research, and medical education is configured. A complementary strategy is needed, supporting generalist clinicians to provide personalised, comprehensive continuity of care, especially in socioeconomically deprived areas. Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: Executive Summary

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              American Geriatrics Society 2015 Updated Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults.

              (2015)
              The 2015 American Geriatrics Society (AGS) Beers Criteria are presented. Like the 2012 AGS Beers Criteria, they include lists of potentially inappropriate medications to be avoided in older adults. New to the criteria are lists of select drugs that should be avoided or have their dose adjusted based on the individual's kidney function and select drug-drug interactions documented to be associated with harms in older adults. The specific aim was to have a 13-member interdisciplinary panel of experts in geriatric care and pharmacotherapy update the 2012 AGS Beers Criteria using a modified Delphi method to systematically review and grade the evidence and reach a consensus on each existing and new criterion. The process followed an evidence-based approach using Institute of Medicine standards. The 2015 AGS Beers Criteria are applicable to all older adults with the exclusion of those in palliative and hospice care. Careful application of the criteria by health professionals, consumers, payors, and health systems should lead to closer monitoring of drug use in older adults.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Lat Am Enfermagem
                Rev Lat Am Enfermagem
                rlae
                Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem
                Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto / Universidade de São Paulo
                0104-1169
                1518-8345
                05 December 2019
                2019
                : 27
                : e3217
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Departamento de Farmácia, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
                [2 ]Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Departamento de Matemática e Estatística, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
                [3 ]Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Escola de Farmácia, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Lorena Ulhôa Araújo. E-mail: loulhoa@ 123456yahoo.com.br
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9016-5890
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2404-5791
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-9956
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4274-8239
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0869-023X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0013-9937
                Article
                00398
                10.1590/1518-8345.3123.3217
                6896818
                31826159
                5f4f38f3-8aa8-4cee-b514-95fff8fa7fc1
                Copyright © 2019 Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 13 November 2018
                : 08 August 2019
                Categories
                Original Article

                pharmacoepidemiology,polypharmacy,potentially inappropriate medication list,primary health care,patient safety,chronic disease,farmacoepidemiologia,polifarmácia,lista de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados,atenção primária à saúde,segurança do paciente,doença crônica,farmacoepidemiología,polifarmacia,lista de medicamentos potencialmente inapropiados,atención primaria de salud,seguridad del paciente,enfermedad crónica

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