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      Pharmacological Inhibition of Oncogenic STAT3 and STAT5 Signaling in Hematopoietic Cancers

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          Abstract

          Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) 3 and 5 are important effectors of cellular transformation, and aberrant STAT3 and STAT5 signaling have been demonstrated in hematopoietic cancers. STAT3 and STAT5 are common targets for different tyrosine kinase oncogenes (TKOs). In addition, STAT3 and STAT5 proteins were shown to contain activating mutations in some rare but aggressive leukemias/lymphomas. Both proteins also contribute to drug resistance in hematopoietic malignancies and are now well recognized as major targets in cancer treatment. The development of inhibitors targeting STAT3 and STAT5 has been the subject of intense investigations during the last decade. This review summarizes the current knowledge of oncogenic STAT3 and STAT5 functions in hematopoietic cancers as well as advances in preclinical and clinical development of pharmacological inhibitors.

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          Most cited references295

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          Stattic: a small-molecule inhibitor of STAT3 activation and dimerization.

          Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) are a family of latent cytoplasmic transcription factors that transmit signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus. One family member, STAT3, is constitutively activated by aberrant upstream tyrosine kinase activities in a broad spectrum of cancer cell lines and human tumors. Screening of chemical libraries led to the identification of Stattic, a nonpeptidic small molecule shown to selectively inhibit the function of the STAT3 SH2 domain regardless of the STAT3 activation state in vitro. Stattic selectively inhibits activation, dimerization, and nuclear translocation of STAT3 and increases the apoptotic rate of STAT3-dependent breast cancer cell lines. We propose Stattic as a tool for the inhibition of STAT3 in cell lines or animal tumor models displaying constitutive STAT3 activation.
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            Activity of a specific inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in the blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia with the Philadelphia chromosome.

            BCR-ABL, a constitutively activated tyrosine kinase, is the product of the Philadelphia chromosome. This enzyme is present in virtually all cases of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) throughout the course of the disease, and in 20 percent of cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). On the basis of the substantial activity of the inhibitor in patients in the chronic phase, we evaluated STI571 (formerly known as CGP 57148B), a specific inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase, in patients who had CML in blast crisis and in patients with ALL who had the Ph chromosome. In this dose-escalating pilot study, 58 patients were treated with STI571; 38 patients had a myeloid blast crisis and 20 had ALL or a lymphoid blast crisis. Treatment was given orally at daily doses ranging from 300 to 1000 mg. Responses occurred in 21 of 38 patients (55 percent) with a myeloid-blast-crisis phenotype; 4 of these 21 patients had a complete hematologic response. Of 20 patients with a lymphoid blast crisis or ALL, 14 (70 percent) had a response, including 4 who had complete responses. Seven patients with a myeloid blast crisis continue to receive treatment and remain in remission from 101 to 349 days after starting the treatment. All but one patient with a lymphoid blast crisis or ALL has relapsed. The most frequent adverse effects were nausea, vomiting, edema, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia. The BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 is well tolerated and has substantial activity in the blast crises of CML and in Ph-positive ALL.
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              AP24534, a pan-BCR-ABL inhibitor for chronic myeloid leukemia, potently inhibits the T315I mutant and overcomes mutation-based resistance.

              Inhibition of BCR-ABL by imatinib induces durable responses in many patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), but resistance attributable to kinase domain mutations can lead to relapse and a switch to second-line therapy with nilotinib or dasatinib. Despite three approved therapeutic options, the cross-resistant BCR-ABL(T315I) mutation and compound mutants selected on sequential inhibitor therapy remain major clinical challenges. We report design and preclinical evaluation of AP24534, a potent, orally available multitargeted kinase inhibitor active against T315I and other BCR-ABL mutants. AP24534 inhibited all tested BCR-ABL mutants in cellular and biochemical assays, suppressed BCR-ABL(T315I)-driven tumor growth in mice, and completely abrogated resistance in cell-based mutagenesis screens. Our work supports clinical evaluation of AP24534 as a pan-BCR-ABL inhibitor for treatment of CML.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Cancers (Basel)
                Cancers (Basel)
                cancers
                Cancers
                MDPI
                2072-6694
                18 January 2020
                January 2020
                : 12
                : 1
                : 240
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Leukemic Niche and Oxidative metabolism (LNOx), CNRS ERL 7001, University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France; marie.brachet@ 123456univ-tours.fr
                [2 ]Innovation Moléculaire et Thérapeutique (IMT), EA 7501, University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France; marion.polomski@ 123456etu.univ-tours.fr (M.P.); ludovic.juen@ 123456mcsaf.fr (L.J.); damien.hedou@ 123456univ-tours.fr (D.H.); marie-claude.viaud-massuard@ 123456univ-tours.fr (M.-C.V.-M.); gildas.prie@ 123456univ-tours.fr (G.P.)
                [3 ]Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria; heidi.neubauer@ 123456vetmeduni.ac.at
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7372-7786
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6369-7712
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6047-1718
                Article
                cancers-12-00240
                10.3390/cancers12010240
                7016966
                31963765
                5f34c342-b09a-4986-a291-fba72796eec6
                © 2020 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 06 December 2019
                : 13 January 2020
                Categories
                Review

                stat3,stat5,hematopoietic cancers,therapeutic targeting,pharmacological inhibitors

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