How the activities of adult stem cells and cancer cells are regulated by environmental
cues through surface receptors is poorly understood. Angiopoietin-like proteins (Angptls),
a family of seven secreted glycoproteins, are known to support the activity of hematopoietic
stem cells (HSCs) in vitro and in vivo
1–10
. Angptls also play important roles in lipid metabolism, angiogenesis, and inflammation
but were considered “orphan ligands” as no receptors were identified
3,11,12
. Here we report that the immune inhibitory receptors, human leukocyte immunoglobulin
(Ig)-like receptor B2 (LILRB2) and its mouse ortholog paired Ig-like receptor (PirB),
are receptors for several Angptls. LILRB2 and PirB are expressed on human HSCs and
mouse HSCs, respectively. Angptls bound to LILRB2 and to PirB and supported ex vivo
expansion of HSCs. In the mouse MLL-AF9 and AML1-ETO9a transplantation acute myeloid
leukemia (AML) models, a deficiency in intracellular signaling of PirB resulted in
increased differentiation of leukemia cells, revealing that PirB supports leukemia
development. Our study indicates unexpected functional significance of classical immune
inhibitory receptors in maintenance of stemness of normal adult stem cells and in
support of cancer development.
We used multiple approaches, including expression cloning, to identify the receptor(s)
for Angptls. Human LILRB2, when ectopically expressed on BAF3 cells, enabled the cells
to specifically bind GST-Angptl5 as determined by flow cytometry (Fig. 1a). LILRB2
is a member of the immune inhibitory B type subfamily of LILR receptors
13
and contains four Ig-domains and three immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs.
Using flow cytometry analysis, we further demonstrated that LILRB2-overexpressing
293T cells had enhanced binding to several Angptls, especially Angptl2 and GST-Angptl5
(Fig. 1b, Supplementary Fig. 1a–b). Angptl2 and GST-Angptl5 also bound to LILRB3-
and LILRB5-overexpressing cells, though with a lower affinity than to LILRB2-expressing
cells (Supplementary Table 1). In addition, Angptl1 and Angptl7 bound to LAIR1
14
-overexpressing 293T cells (Supplementary Table 1, Supplementary Fig. 2). Angptls
did not bind to LILRAs, LILRB1, or LILRB4 (Supplementary Table 1).
Because Angptl2 and GST-Angptl5 bound to LILRB2-expressing cells better than did other
Angptls, we further assessed the molecular interaction between Angptl2/Angptl5 and
LILRB2. Co-transfection of Angptl2 or Angptl5 with LILRB2 extracellular domain (ECD)
fused to human IgG-Fc (LILRB2-hFc) into 293T cells followed by immunoprecipitation
(IP)/western blot revealed that both Angptl2 and Angptl5 interacted with the extracellular
domain of LILRB2 but not that of Tie-2 (Fig. 1c, Supplementary Fig. 1c). The direct
interactions between Angptls and LILRB2 were confirmed by in vitro co-IP using purified
Angptl2-FLAG or GST-Angptl5 and LILRB2-hFc (Supplementary Fig. 1d) and by surface
plasmon resonance (SPR) (Supplementary Fig. 3). A liquid-phase binding assay with
125I-labelled GST-Angptl5 demonstrated that the interaction between Angptl5 and cell
surface LILRB2 was specific and saturable, with half maximal saturation of the interaction
as 5.5 ± 1.1 nM (Figs. 1d–e). While untagged Angptls bind to LILRB2, the type or the
position of tagging could affect the binding (Supplementary Table 2).
Because several Angptls support expansion of HSCs
4–12
, we sought to determine whether Angptls bound to LILRB2 or LAIR1 on primary human
cord blood cells. Flow cytometry analysis showed that Angptls 1, 2, 5, and 7 all bound
to LILRB2+ human cord blood cells; Angptl2 and GST-Angptl5 had higher affinities (Fig.
2a, Supplementary Fig. 4, Supplementary Table 1). Angptl1 and Angptl7’s bindings to
LAIR1+ human cord blood cells were relatively weak (Supplementary Fig. 5). We therefore
focused on studying the binding of Angptl2 and Angptl5 to LILRB2 in subsequent experiments.
We determined whether LILRB2 was expressed on human HSCs. Flow cytometry and real-time
RT-PCR analyses revealed that LILRB2 was expressed on the surface of 40–95% of human
cord blood CD34+CD38−CD90+ cells (95% in the experiment shown in Fig. 2b; Supplementary
Fig. 6); this population is enriched for HSCs. GST-Angptl5 treatment induced increased
phosphorylation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase CAMKII and CAMKIV in
human cord blood mononuclear cells (Supplementary Fig. 7). It is of note that CAMKIV
is required for maintenance of the potency of HSCs
15
. Suppression of LILRB2 expression with shRNAs effectively reduced Angptl binding
(Supplementary Fig. 8). Importantly, the silencing of LILRB2 resulted in decreased
repopulation of human cord blood HSCs as measured by reconstitution analysis in NOD/SCID
mice (1% repopulation from cultured knockdown cells compared to 17% repopulation from
cultured normal cells in medium STFA5; Fig. 2c). Together, these data indicate that
the Angptl5 supports expansion of human cord blood HSCs
1
in a process at least partially mediated by the surface receptor LILRB2.
The paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PirB) is the only mouse membrane ortholog
of human LILRBs
16,17
. Angptl2, Angptl3, and GST-Angptl5 bound to PirB as determined by flow cytometry
(Fig. 3a, Supplementary Fig. 9) and by Co-IP (Fig. 3b, Supplementary Fig. 10). As
were human cord blood HSCs, mouse HSCs were also enriched for PirB expression (Fig.
3c, Supplementary Fig. 11).
To study the function of PirB in mouse HSCs, we used PirB-deficient (PirBTM) mice
18
, in which four exons encoding the transmembrane domain and part of the intracellular
domain were deleted. PirBTM cells freshly isolated from 3-week old of mice had significantly
decreased CAMKIV phosphorylation, and binding of Angptl to PirB induced phosphorylation
of PirB, recruitment of SHP-1 and SHP-2, and CAMKIV activation (Supplementary Figs.
12–13). These results suggest that certain Angptls may be the ligands of PirB that
activate CAMKIV in vivo.
Because SHP-2 and CAMKIV are required for the repopulation of HSCs
15,19
, and the chemical inhibition of CAMKII, a homolog of CAMKIV, induces differentiation
and suppresses proliferation of myeloid leukemia cells
20
, we sought to determine whether PirB was important for HSC activity. While the adult
PirBTM mice have certain immune and neuronal defects, they are grossly normal in hematopoiesis
16,18
. Interestingly, competitive repopulation showed that PirBTM fetal liver HSCs had
approximately 50% decreased repopulation activity (Supplementary Fig. 14). Moreover,
although Angptl2 and Angptl5 had little effect on ex vivo expansion of adult PirBTM
HSCs, they supported ex vivo expansion of adult wild-type (WT) HSCs (Fig. 3d and Supplementary
Fig. 14), as we previously demonstrated
2
. Collectively, our results indicate that Angptls bind human LILRB2 and mouse PirB
to support HSC repopulation.
Based on our in silico analysis of a pool of 9004 samples described previously
21
, the level of LILRB2 mRNA is at least 4-fold higher in the human acute monoblastic
and monocytic leukemia cells (M5 subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML)) than in
other AML cells (Supplementary Fig. 15). Since human acute monoblastic and monocytic
leukemia cells are often associated with rearrangement of MLL (a histone methyltransferase
deemed a positive global regulator of gene transcription), we used a retroviral MLL-AF9
transplantation mouse model
22,23
to further examine the role of PirB in regulation of AML development. WT or PirBTM
donor Lin− cells infected by retroviral MLL-AF9-IRES-YFP were used to induce AML as
previously described
22,23
. We examined PirB expression in YFP+Mac-1+Kit+ cells that may be enriched for AML
initiating activity
22,23
, and found that about 80% YFP+Mac-1+Kit+ cells were PirB+ (Fig. 4a). We next investigated
whether PirB was required for the induction of AML by MLL-AF9. Mice transplanted with
MLL-AF9-transduced WT cells developed AML and died within approximately 5 weeks, whereas
those transplanted with MLL-AF9-transduced PirBTM cells were resistant to the induction
of MLL-AF9 and developed AML much more slowly (Fig. 4b, Supplementary Fig. 16). The
significantly delayed development of the PirBTM leukemia was correlated with about
50% lower numbers of white blood cells in circulation and a much less severe infiltration
of myeloid leukemia cells into the liver and spleen (Fig. 4c–d). Consistently, PirB
deficiency caused an approximately 50% reduction of YFP+Mac-1+Kit+ cells in both bone
marrow and peripheral blood (Fig. 4d). There were more CD3+ or B220+ cells in mice
that received MLL-AF9-transduced PirBTM donor cells than in those given WT cells (Fig.
4d). These results demonstrate that PirB mediated signaling is associated with faster
AML development and greater numbers of YFP+Mac-1+Kit+ AML cells in vivo.
We further assessed whether PirB potentially regulates differentiation and self-renewal
of AML cells. CFU assays showed that extrinsic Angptls stimulation led to increased
CFU numbers in WT but not PirBTM AML cells, again indicating PirB directly mediates
Angptls’ effects (Supplementary Fig. 16d). In addition, WT AML cells formed mostly
compact colonies, whereas PirBTM cells tended to form more diffuse ones (Fig. 4e).
The formation of diffuse colonies indicates high differentiation potential
24
. The inhibition of differentiation of AML cells by PirB is accordant with previous
reports that PirB inhibits differentiation of myeloid-derived suppressive cells
25
and osteoclasts
26
, as well as our data showing that endogenous Angptls inhibit differentiation and
increase replating efficiency of hematopoietic progenitors (Supplementary Fig. 17).
Moreover, PirBTM primary CFUs were unable to form secondary colonies upon replating
(Fig. 4f), suggesting that PirB supports self-renewal of AML CFU cells.
Finally, we analyzed the molecular signaling triggered by the binding of Angptls to
PirB in AML cells. PirBTM AML cells had decreased phosphorylation of phosphatase SHP-2
(Fig. 4h), which is known to be associated with LILRB receptors and is an oncogene
that supports leukemia development
13,16,18,27
. Angptls also stimulated SHP-2 phosphorylation (Supplementary Fig. 13c). Similar
to untransformed PirBTM cells, PirBTM AML cells had decreased CAMKIV activation (data
not shown). Furthermore, WT Mac-1+Kit+ cells had much greater expression of leukemia
initiation/maintenance genes
22,23
but dramatically decreased expression of myeloid differentiation genes as determined
by DNA microarray analyses (Fig. 4g). Quantative RT-PCR confirmed the increased expression
of several HoxA genes, Meis1, Eya1, Myb, and Mef2c in WT Mac-1+Kit+ cells than PirBTM
counterparts (Supplementary Fig. 18); these genes are critical for initiation or maintenance
of MLL rearranged AML
22,23
. Similar to the MLL-AF9 model, the deficiency of PirB in the AML1-ETO9a leukemia
model led to decreased leukemia progenitors and increased differentiated cells (Supplementary
Fig. 19). Collectively, these results suggest that the binding of Angptls to PirB
promotes leukemia development, likely through inhibiting differentiation of AML cells.
LILRB2 or PirB is known to bind to other ligands including various MHC class I molecules
28
and myelin inhibitors
17
. It will be important to investigate the in vivo context in which these different
ligands bind LILRB and induce signaling. As Angptls can be abundantly expressed by
many types of cells including those from endocrine organs
11
and potential BM niche (endothelium and adipocytes
9,11
), and can be induced by hypoxia
11
, these secreted factors may have important direct and indirect effects on the activities
of HSCs and leukemia stem cells in vivo. While the LILRB/PirB receptors were reported
to suppress activation of differentiated immune cells and inhibit neurite outgrowth
of neural cells
16,17
, they support HSC repopulation and inhibit differentiation of AML cells. This result
suggests the significant importance of these “inhibitory receptors” in maintenance
of stemness of normal stem cells and support of leukemia development. In contrast
to the “stimulatory receptors” such as IFN receptors or toll-like receptors that activate
and induce differentiation of HSCs upon inflammation
29
, LILRB2 or PirB may function as a sensor of inflammation through binding to the inflammatory
Angptls
12
and protect HSCs from excessive activation and exhaustion. Adult stem cells and cancer
cells likely require both stimulatory receptors and inhibitory receptors to maintain
the balance of their cell fates.
Methods Summary
Plasmid CMV-Kozak-human Ang1, Angptls 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7 with FLAG tags at C-termini
were used for transfection. Angptl2-FLAG was purified using M2 resin. Purified GST-Angptl5
was purchased from Abnova. Bacterially-expressed FLAG-Angptl2 and Angptl2-FLAG were
constructed in pET-26b(+) vector, and GST-Angptls-FLAG in pGEX vector, and expressed
and purified from bacteria. MSCV-LILRB2-IRES-GFP or control retrovirus infected BAF3
cells, CMV-driven LILRAs, LILRBs, PirB, or LAIR1 transfected 293T cells, or human
mononuclear cord blood cells were used in binding assays. See the Full Methods for
detailed experimental methods for flow cytometry, co-IP, SPR, liquid-phase binding,
culture, transplantation, CFU, and GSEA analyses. Mice were maintained at the UT Southwestern
Medical Center animal facility. All animal experiments were performed with the approval
of UT Southwestern Committee on Animal Care.
Methods
Mice
C57 BL/6 CD45.2 and CD45.1 mice, or NOD/SCID mice were purchased from the UT Southwestern
Medical Center animal breeding core facility. The PirBTM mice
18
were obtained from MMRRC. The PirB knockout mice
31
were a gift from Dr. T. Takai at Tohoku University. Mice were maintained at the UT
Southwestern Medical Center animal facility. All animal experiments were performed
with the approval of UT Southwestern Committee on Animal Care.
Plasmids and proteins
Plasmid CMV-Kozak-human Ang1, Angptls 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7 with FLAG tags at C-termini
were transfected into 293T cells using Lipofectamine 2000, and the conditioned medium
at 48 h was collected and different Angptl proteins were adjusted to the same level
for flow cytometry based binding experiments. Angptl2-FLAG was purified using M2 resin.
Purified GST-Angptl5 was purchased from Abnova. Bacterially-expressed Flag-Angptl2
and Angptl2-Flag were constructed in pET-26b(+) vector, and GST-Angptls-FLAG in pGEX
vector, and expressed and purified from bacteria. MSCV-LILRB2-IRES-GFP or control
retrovirus infected BAF3 cells, or CMV-driven LILRAs, LILRBs, PirB, or LAIR1 transfected
293T cells harvested at 48 h, or mononuclear human cord blood cells were incubated
with Fc block and equal amounts of different FLAG-tagged Angptls at 4°C for 60 min,
followed by staining with anti-Flag-APC and propidium iodide. Anti-LILRB2-PE was used
as indicated. Cells were analyzed using either a FACSCalibur or FACSAria instrument
(Becton Dickinson).
Antibodies and shRNAs
Flow cytometry antibodies anti-CD34-FITC, anti-CD38-PE, anti-CD90-PE/Cy5.5, biotinylated
lineage cocktail, anti-Kit-APC, anti-Sca-1-FITC, anti-Mac-1-APC, anti-Gr-1-PE, anti-CD3-APC,
and anti-B220-PE were purchased from BD Biosciences and used as described
4,9,32,33
. The manufacturers and catalog numbers for other antibodies are as follows: anti-LILRB1,
Biolegend (33707); anti-LILRB2, eBioscience (12-5149); anti-LILRB3, eBioscience (12-5159);
anti-LILRB4, eBiosciene (12-5139); anti-LILRB5, R&D Systems (AF3065); anti-PirB-PE,
R&D Systems (FAB2754P); anti-human LAIR1-PE, BD Pharmingen (550811); anti-mouse LAIR1-PE,
eBioscience (12-3051); anti-FLAG-APC, Prozyme (PJ255); anti-pCAMKII, Abcam (ab32678);
anti-pCAMKIV, Santa Cruz (sc-28443-R); anti-CAMKII, Cell Signaling (4436); anti-CAMKIV,
Cell Signaling (4032); anti-Angptl5, Abcam (ab57240); anti-PirB, BD Pharmingen (550348)
for co-IP of PirB; anti-SHP-2, Cell Signaling (3397S) for co-IP of SHP-2; and anti-hFc,
Jackson ImmunoResearch (109-036-098). Combinations of multiple lentivirus-expressed
shRNAs for inhibition of LILRB2 (hairpin sequences: TGCTGTTGACAGTGAGCGCCAGCTTGACCCTCAGACGGAATAGTGAAGCCACAGATGTATTCCGTCTGAGGGTCAAGCTGTTGCCTACTGCCTCGGA
and TGCTGTTGACAGTGAGCGCACGACCAGAGCTTGTGAAGAATAGTGAAGCCACAGATGTATTCTTCACAAGCTCTGGTCGTATGCCTACTGCCTCGGA),
Angptl1 (TGCTGTTGACAGTGAGCGCCTCGTGTTACTCAACTCTATATAGTGAAGCCACAGATGTATATAGAGTTGAGTAACACGAGATGCCTACTGCCTCGGA,
TGCTGTTGACAGTGAGCGAAGAGACACTCGCCAATTTAAATAGTGAAGCCACAGATGTATTTAAATTGGCGAGTGTCTCTCTGCCTACTGCCTCGGA,
TGCTGTTGACAGTGAGCGACCAATTTAAATGACACAGAACTAGTGAAGCCACAGATGTAGTTCTGTGTCATTTAAATTGGCTGCCTACTGCCTCGGA),
Angptl2 (TGCTGTTGACAGTGAGCGCCACAGAGTTCTTGGAATAAAATAGTGAAGCCACAGATGTATTTTATTCCAAGAACTCTGTGATGCCTACTGCCTCGGA,
TGCTGTTGACAGTGAGCGACACAGCAGCGGCAGAAGCTTATAGTGAAGCCACAGATGTATAAGCTTCTGCCGCTGCTGTGGTGCCTACTGCCTCGGA,
TGCTGTTGACAGTGAGCGCCAGATGGAGGCTGGACAGTAATAGTGAAGCCACAGATGTATTACTGTCCAGCCTCCATCTGATGCCTACTGCCTCGGA),
Angptl3 (TGCTGTTGACAGTGAGCGACTCAGAAGGACTAGTATTCAATAGTGAAGCCACAGATGTATTGAATACTAGTCCTTCTGAGCTGCCTACTGCCTCGGA,
TGCTGTTGACAGTGAGCGCCAGCATAGTCAAATAAAAGAATAGTGAAGCCACAGATGTATTCTTTTATTTGACTATGCTGTTGCCTACTGCCTCGGA,
TGCTGTTGACAGTGAGCGATACATATAAACTACAAGTCAATAGTGAAGCCACAGATGTATTGACTTGTAGTTTATATGTAGTGCCTACTGCCTCGGA),
Angptl4 (TGCTGTTGACAGTGAGCGCCACAGAGTTCTTGGAATAAAATAGTGAAGCCACAGATGTATTTTATTCCAAGAACTCTGTGATGCCTACTGCCTCGGA,
TGCTGTTGACAGTGAGCGACACAGCAGCGGCAGAAGCTTATAGTGAAGCCACAGATGTATAAGCTTCTGCCGCTGCTGTGGTGCCTACTGCCTCGGA,
TGCTGTTGACAGTGAGCGCCAGATGGAGGCTGGACAGTAATAGTGAAGCCACAGATGTATTACTGTCCAGCCTCCATCTGATGCCTACTGCCTCGGA),
Angptl5 (TGCTGTTGACAGTGAGCGATAGAAGATGGATCTAATGCAATAGTGAAGCCACAGATGTATTGCATTAGATCCATCTTCTACTGCCTACTGCCTCGGA,
TGCTGTTGACAGTGAGCGAATGGTTTAGATTGCACTGATATAGTGAAGCCACAGATGTATATCAGTGCAATCTAAACCATGTGCCTACTGCCTCGGA,
TGCTGTTGACAGTGAGCGATACGGACTCTTCAGTAGTTAATAGTGAAGCCACAGATGTATTAACTACTGAAGAGTCCGTAGTGCCTACTGCCTCGGA),
Angptl6 (TGCTGTTGACAGTGAGCGCCACTACCTGGCAGCACTATAATAGTGAAGCCACAGATGTATTATAGTGCTGCCAGGTAGTGATGCCTACTGCCTCGGA,
TGCTGTTGACAGTGAGCGAGAGGCAAGATGGTTCAGTCAATAGTGAAGCCACAGATGTATTGACTGAACCATCTTGCCTCCTGCCTACTGCCTCGGA,
TGCTGTTGACAGTGAGCGACCCAGAGAGACCAGACCCAGATAGTGAAGCCACAGATGTATCTGGGTCTGGTCTCTCTGGGGTGCCTACTGCCTCGGA),
and Angptl7 (TGCTGTTGACAGTGAGCGCCCGGGACTGGAAGCAGTACAATAGTGAAGCCACAGATGTATTGTACTGCTTCCAGTCCCGGTTGCCTACTGCCTCGGA,
TGCTGTTGACAGTGAGCGCCCGCATCTCTGGAGTGTATAATAGTGAAGCCACAGATGTATTATACACTCCAGAGATGCGGTTGCCTACTGCCTCGGA,
TGCTGTTGACAGTGAGCGCGGACTGAGAAACAGCCTATAATAGTGAAGCCACAGATGTATTATAGGCTGTTTCTCAGTCCTTGCCTACTGCCTCGGA)
were purchased from Open Biosystems and used for knockdown experiments. The specificity
of LILRB2 mAb is confirmed by comparison of binding to all tested LILRA/Bs on transfected
293T cells. The specificities of other anti-LILRBs, anti-PirB, and anti-LAIR1 were
confirmed by staining the respective cDNA overexpressed 293T cells.
Co-immunoprecipitation
For in vivo co-IP, 293 cells were transiently co-transfected with plasmids encoding
LILRB2-ECD-hFc, PirB-ECD-hFc, or Tie-2-ECD-hFc and FLAG-tagged Angptl2 or untagged
Angptl5. Protein A beads were added to conditioned medium collected at 48 h after
transfection, and proteins were detected by anti-FLAG or anti-Angptl5 by western blot.
For in vitro co-IP, purified Angptl2-FLAG or GST-Angptl5 was incubated with purified
LILRB2-ECD-hFc or Tie2-ECD-hFc in PBS with 0.1% BSA and 0.1% NP-40 for 2 h followed
by immunoprecipitated with protein A beads and western blotting.
Liquid-phase binding Assay
Specific binding of radiolabeled GST-Angptl5 to BAF3 stably infected with MSCV-LILRB2-IRES-GFP
(as LILRB2-BAF3 cells) was performed similarly as we performed before
30
. Briefly, 6 × 106 LILRB2-BAF3 cells were incubated with 125I-GST-Angptl5 (0.1 – 100
nM) in 200 µl PBS/1% BSA for 3 h at 25 °C. Nonspecific binding on normal BAF3 cells
was subtracted. In competition assay, 2.5 × 106 LILRB2-BAF3 or BAF3 cells were incubated
with unlabeled GST-Angptl5 (0.1 – 100 nM) in 200 µl PBS/1% BSA for 1 h at 25 °C, followed
by addition of 5 nM of 125I-GST-Angptl5 for 4 h incubation. After incubation, the
cells were washed twice by centrifugation, resuspended in ice-cold PBS with 1% BSA
and then measured in scintillation counter.
Cell culture and infection
BaF3 cells were grown in RPMI medium 1640 with 10% FBS and 10% Wehi conditioned cell
medium. Human embryonic kidney 293T cells were grown in DMEM with 10% FBS.
For mouse HSC culture, indicated numbers of BM Lin−Sca-1+Kit+CD34−Flk-2− cells or
fetal liver Lin−Sca-1+Kit+ cells isolated from 8–10 week old C57BL/6 CD45.2 mice were
plated in one well of a U-bottom 96-well plate (Corning) with 200 µl of the indicated
medium essentially as we described previously
4,9
. Cells were cultured at 37°C in 5% CO2 and indicated levels of O2. For the purpose
of competitive transplantation, we pooled cells from 12 culture wells and mixed them
with competitor/supportive cells before the indicated numbers of cells were transplanted
into each mouse. For western blotting, 3-week old mouse spleen cells were cultured
overnight in DME supplemented with 0.1% BSA, followed by treatment with indicated
amount of Angptls. Human mononuclear cord blood cells were cultured in DME containing
10% FBS overnight followed by starvation in serum-free DME for 4 h before Angptl stimulation.
The infection of Lin− cells by MSCV-MLL-AF9-IRES-YFP and MSCV-AML1-ETO9a-IRES-GFP
was performed following procedures described by the Armstrong and Cleary laboratories
22,23
and Zhang laboratory
34
, respectively. Briefly, we incubated Lin− cells overnight in medium with 10% FBS,
20 ng/mL SCF, 20 ng/ml IL-3, and 10 ng/mL IL-6, followed by spin infection with retroviral
supernatant in the presence of 4 µg/mL polybrene. Infected cells (300,000) were transplanted
into lethally irradiated (1000 rad) C57BL/6 mice by retro-orbital injection.
For human cell culture, fresh and cryopreserved human cord blood cells were obtained
from UT Southwestern Parkland Hospital through approved IRB protocol 042008-033. CD34+
cells were isolated by AutoMACS and cultured essentially as we described
1,32
. CD133+ cells were purchased from AllCell Inc. Lentiviral infection by shRNAs for
LILRB2 or Angptls was performed as recommended by Open Biosystems.
Flow cytometry and reconstitution analysis
Donor mouse bone marrow cells were isolated from 8–10 week old C57BL/6 CD45.2 mice.
BM Lin−Sca-1+Kit+CD34−Flk-2− cells were isolated by staining with a biotinylated lineage
cocktail (anti-CD3, anti-CD5, anti-B220, anti-Mac-1, anti-Gr-1, anti-Ter119, and anti-7-4;
Stem Cell Technologies) followed by streptavidin-PE/Cy5.5, anti-Sca-1-FITC, anti-Kit-APC,
anti-CD34-PE, and anti-Flk-2-PE. The indicated numbers of mouse CD45.2 donor cells
were mixed with 1 × 105 freshly isolated CD45.1 competitor bone marrow cells, and
the mixture injected intravenously via the retro-orbital route into each of a group
of 6–9 week old CD45.1 mice previously irradiated with a total dose of 10 Gy. To measure
reconstitution of transplanted mice, peripheral blood was collected at the indicated
times post-transplant and CD45.1+ and CD45.2+ cells in lymphoid and myeloid compartments
were measured as we described
4,9,32
. The analyses of Mac-1, Kit, Gr-1, CD3, B220 populations in AML blood or bone marrow
were performed by using anti-Mac-1-APC, anti-Kit-PE, anti-Gr-1-PE, anti-CD3-APC, and
anti-B220-PE.
Uncultured or cultured progenies of human cells were pooled together and the indicated
portions were injected intravenously via the retro-orbital route into sub-lethally
irradiated (250 rad) 6–8 week old NOD/SCID mice. Eight weeks after transplantation,
bone marrow nucleated cells from transplanted animals were analyzed by flow cytometry
for the presence of human cells as we described
1,32
.
CFU assays
Two thousand YFP+Mac-1+Kit+ BM cells from AML mice were plated in methylcellulose
(M3534, Stem Cell Technologies) for CFU-GM assays, according to the manufacturer’s
protocols and our previously published protocol
35
. After 7 days, 2000 cells from initially plated three dishes were used for secondary
replating.
Surface plasmon resonance
Biacore 2000 and CM5 chips were used to analyze binding of purified Angptls to the
LILRB2 extracellular domain fused to hFc, using a method similar to that previously
described
36
. Recombinant protein A (Pierce) was pre-immobilized in two flow cells (~2,000 RU)
using the amine-coupling kit from GE. LILRB2-hFc was injected into one of the flow
cells to be captured by the protein A to reach ~300 response units (RU). GST-Angptl5
was injected over the immobilized LILRB2 in HBS-EP (GE) containing 0.01 M HEPES (pH
7.4), 0.15 M NaCl, 0.005% polysorbate 20. Each binding sensorgram from the sample
flow cell, containing a captured LILRB2-hFc, was corrected for the protein A coupled
cell control. Following each injection of an antigen solution, which induced the binding
reaction, and the dissociation period during which the running buffer was infused,
the protein A surface was regenerated by the injection of the regeneration solution
containing 10 mM Na3PO4 (pH 2.5) and 500 mM NaCl. All captured LILRB2-hFc, with and
without Angptl5 bound, was completely removed, and another cycle begun. All measurements
were performed at 25°C with a flow rate of 30 µL/min.
GSEA analysis
Gene set enrichment analysis
37
was performed using GSEA v2.0 software (http://www.broadinstitute.org/gsea/index.jsp)
with 1,000 phenotype permutations, and normalized enrichment score (NES) and false
discovery rate q-value (FDR q-val) were calculated. Leukemia-stem-cell and macrophage
development gene sets were obtained from the indicated publication
23,38
.
Statistics
Two-tailed student t-test was performed to evaluate significance between experimental
groups, unless otherwise is indicated. The survival rates of the two groups will be
analyzed using a log-rank test.
Supplementary Material
1