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      Emergence delirium following sevoflurane anesthesia in adults: prospective observational study Translated title: Delirium do despertar após anestesia com sevoflurano em adultos: estudo observacional prospectivo

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          Abstract

          Background and objectives

          Emergence delirium after general anesthesia with sevoflurane has not been frequently reported in adults compared to children. This study aimed to determine the incidence of emergence delirium in adult patients who had anesthesia with sevoflurane as the volatile agent and the probable risk factors associated with its occurrence.

          Design & methods

          A prospective observational study was conducted in adult patients who had non-neurological procedures and no existing neurological or psychiatric conditions, under general anesthesia. Demographic data such as age, gender, ethnicity and clinical data including ASA physical status, surgical status, intubation attempts, duration of surgery, intraoperative hypotension, drugs used, postoperative pain, rescue analgesia and presence of catheters were recorded. Emergence delirium intensity was measured using the Nursing Delirium Scale (NuDESC).

          Results

          The incidence of emergence delirium was 11.8%. The factors significantly associated with emergence delirium included elderly age (>65) ( p = 0.04), emergency surgery ( p = 0.04), African ethnicity ( p = 0.01), longer duration of surgery ( p = 0.007) and number of intubation attempts ( p = 0.001). Factors such as gender, alcohol and illicit drug use, and surgical specialty did not influence the occurrence of emergence delirium.

          Conclusions

          The incidence of emergence delirium in adults after general anesthesia using sevoflurane is significant and has not been adequately reported. Modifiable risk factors need to be addressed to further reduce its incidence.

          Resumo

          Justificativa e objetivos

          O delirium do despertar após a anestesia geral com sevoflurano não tem sido relatado com frequência em adultos como nas crianças. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a incidência de delirium do despertar em pacientes adultos submetidos à anestesia com sevoflurano como agente volátil e os prováveis fatores de risco associados a sua ocorrência.

          Desenho e métodos

          Um estudo observacional prospectivo foi conduzido com pacientes adultos sem distúrbios neurológicos ou psiquiátricos que foram submetidos à anestesia geral para procedimentos não neurológicos. Dados demográficos como idade, sexo, etnia e dados clínicos, incluindo escore ASA, estado cirúrgico, tentativas de intubação, tempo de cirurgia, hipotensão intraoperatória, drogas utilizadas, dor pós-operatória, analgesia de resgate e presença de cateteres foram registrados. A intensidade do delirium do despertar foi medida usando a Escala de Triagem de Delirium em Enfermagem ( Nursing Delirium Scale – NuDESC).

          Resultados

          A incidência de delirium do despertar foi de 11,8%. Os fatores significativamente associados ao delirium do despertar incluíram idade avançada (>65) ( p = 0,04), cirurgia de emergência ( p = 0,04), descendência africana ( p = 0,01), tempo maior de cirurgia ( p = 0,007) e número de tentativas de intubação ( p = 0,001). Fatores como sexo, uso de álcool e drogas ilícitas e especialidade cirúrgica não influenciaram a ocorrência de delirium do despertar.

          Conclusões

          A incidência de delirium do despertar em adultos após a anestesia geral com sevoflurano é significativa e não tem sido relatada adequadamente. Fatores de risco modificáveis precisam ser abordados para reduzir ainda mais sua incidência.

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          Most cited references31

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          Emergence delirium in children: many questions, few answers.

          The introduction of a new generation of inhaled anesthetics into pediatric clinical practice has been associated with a greater incidence of ED, a short-lived, but troublesome clinical phenomenon of uncertain etiology. A variety of anesthesia-, surgery-, patient-, and adjunct medication-related factors have been suggested to play a potential role in the development of such an event. Restless behavior upon emergence causes not only discomfort to the child, but also makes the caregivers and parents feel unhappy with the quality of recovery from anesthesia. Although the severity of agitation varies, it often requires additional nursing care, as well as treatment with analgesics or sedatives, which may delay discharge from hospital. To reduce the incidence of this adverse event, it is advisable to identify children at risk and take preventive measures, such as reducing preoperative anxiety, removing postoperative pain, and providing a quiet, stress-free environment for postanesthesia recovery. More clinical trials are needed to elucidate the cause as well as provide effective treatment.
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            Emergence delirium in adults in the post-anaesthesia care unit.

            Emergence delirium in the post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU) is poorly understood. The goal of this prospective study was to determine frequency and risk factors of emergence delirium in adults after general anaesthesia. In this prospective study, 1,359 consecutive patients were included. Contextual risk factors and occurrence of delirium according to the Riker sedation scale were documented. Groups were defined for the analysis according to the occurrence or not of agitation, then after exclusion of patients with preoperative anxiety and neuroleptics, or both, and antidepressants or benzodiazepines treatments. Sixty-four (4.7%) patients developed delirium in the PACU, which can go from thrashing to violent behaviour and removal of tubes and catheters. Preoperative anxiety was not found to be a risk factor. Preoperative medication by benzodiazepines (OR=1.910, 95% CI=1.101-3.315, P=0.021), breast surgery (OR=5.190, 95% CI=1.422-18.947, P=0.013), abdominal surgery (OR=3.206, 95% CI=1.262-8.143, P=0.014), and long duration of surgery increased the risk of delirium (OR=1.005, 95% CI=1.002-1.008, P=0.001), while a previous history of illness and long-term treatment by antidepressants decreased the risk (respectively, OR=0.544, 95% CI=0.315-0.939, P=0.029 and OR=0.245, 95% CI=0.084-0.710, P=0.010). Preoperative benzodiazepines, breast and abdominal surgery and surgery of long duration are risk factors for emergence delirium.
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              Emergence agitation in adults: risk factors in 2,000 patients.

              The study was designed to determine the incidence of postoperative agitation following general anesthesia in 2,000 adult patients and to examine the associated risk factors. The study enrolled 2,000 adults who were scheduled for surgery under general anesthesia in a single institution during December 2007 to December 2008. The following risk factors were examined: age, gender, ASA physical status, type of surgery, anesthesia technique (inhalational or intravenous), administration of neostigmine or doxapram, adequate postoperative analgesia, pain, presence of a tracheal tube, and presence of a urinary catheter. Agitation occurred in 426 patients (21.3%). It was more common in males (28.1%) than in females (16.1%) (P = 0.017) and more prevalent after inhalational (27.8%) than total intravenous (7.5%) anesthesia (P = 0.001). Agitation was more common after oral cavity and otolaryngological surgery than after other types of surgery. Multivariate analysis showed that use of doxapram (odds ratio [OR] = 9.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 6.2 - 15.4; P = 0.002) and pain (OR = 8.2; 95% CI = 4.5 - 16.9; P < 0.001) were the most important risk factors associated with emergence agitation. Other causes were the presence of a tracheal tube and/or a urinary catheter. Adequate postoperative analgesia was associated with less agitation (OR = 0.4; 95% CI = 0.1 - 0.4; P = 0.006). Doxapram administration, pain, and presence of a tracheal tube and/or a urinary catheter appear to be the most important causes of postoperative agitation. To avoid this complication, it is suggested, whenever possible, to use intravenous anesthesia, to remove endotracheal tubes and urinary catheters as early as possible, and to provide adequate postoperative analgesia.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Braz J Anesthesiol
                Braz J Anesthesiol
                Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
                Elsevier
                0104-0014
                2352-2291
                14 January 2019
                May-Jun 2019
                14 January 2019
                : 69
                : 3
                : 233-241
                Affiliations
                [0005]Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, The University of the West Indies, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Mount Hope, Trinidad and Tobago
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. uwi.hariharan@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                S0104-0014(18)30171-4
                10.1016/j.bjane.2018.12.012
                9391875
                31076155
                5e66ffc1-e5be-4d56-b29c-5fd9890c2384
                © 2018 Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 23 March 2018
                : 3 December 2018
                Categories
                Scientific Article

                emergence delirium,sevoflurane,adult patients,post-anesthesia care,delirium do despertar,sevoflurano,pacientes adultos,cuidados pós-anestésicos

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